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8 Information Storage
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MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. Actually it appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981.
In comparison with other operating systems existed at that time, for example CP/M, it was obviously the best. Up to recently every IBM PC computer was equipped with MS-DOS and enormous set of software applications was written for this platform. This has slowed down development of application software for more modern and advanced operating systems that appeared along with the progress in the PC hardware.
MS-DOS is essentially a single-tasking 16-bit environment. It is intended to be used on the original 8086 microprocessor-based PCs so it can't make use of more than 1 Mb of RAM while modern PC hardware can offer up to 4 Gb.
Even now MS-DOS is the most widespread operating system for IBM PCs and the fact that Microsoft Windows sits on top of DOS will prolong existence of this relatively old-fashioned operating system.
ll prolong existence of this relatively old fashion operating system.
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.ost just after the computer has been switched off.
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ms-dos gloss
MS-DOS
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.
Operating System gloss
Operating System gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
Operating System gloss
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Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
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Single-tasking System gloss
Single-tasking System gloss
SINGLE-TASKING SYSTEM
an operating system which can support only a single task running. To start another task the current one must be finished. MS-DOS is an example of a single tasking system.
Single-tasking System gloss
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8086 gloss
8086 gloss
(Intel 8086, i8086) the first model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the first IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. It has 16-bit data and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.
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Microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
Microprocessor gloss
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RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
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Windows gloss
WINDOWS
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.
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The operating system (OS) is a set of software routines which support running of the computer system itself. The OS coordinates collaboration between hardware devices and provides the user with the logical view to the computer system. Without it none of the user's tasks can run. That is why right after the PC has been switched on it tries to boot the operating system.
The oldest, simplest and most widely spread operating system for the IBM PC is MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows is the successor of MS-DOS. It has advantages in the user interface, some multitasking capabilities, hardware independence etc. However to get the best from Windows more advanced hardware is needed.
There are also other operating systems that IBM PC compatible computers can run. These systems are usually intended for multi-computer configurations and require a lot of computational power from the PC.
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IBM PC COMPATIBLE
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.ations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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Operating System gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
Hardware gloss
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Task gloss
Task gloss
a program loaded into the memory for execution. Since the same program can be loaded several times the operating system works on each of the loaded instances as a separate process.
Task gloss
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MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.
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MS-DOS gloss
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Windows gloss
Windows gloss
WINDOWS
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.
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Windows gloss
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User Interface gloss
User Interface gloss
USER INTERFACE
a system of agreements and rules for interaction between a program and a user. It supports input of user commands and provides output of the results in a form acceptable by the user.S5
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User Interface gloss
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Multitasking gloss
Multitasking gloss
MULTITASKING
a mode of computer operation when two or more applications can be running simultaneously. In computers with a single processor, a special operating system has to control multitasking by sharing CPU time between applications.
Multitasking gloss
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IBM PC Compatible gloss
IBM PC Compatible gloss
IBM PC COMPATIBLE
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.
IBM PC Compatible gloss
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System Software
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System Utilities
The system software - operating systems and system utilities - constitutes the computational platform for user applications. These programs support running of the system itself. They don't perform any user-oriented tasks and even sometimes are hardly noticed by the user. However, without these none of the user's tasks can run and the computer itself is no more than just a heap of useless hardware.
While firmware is basically passive routines for low-level access to hardware, system software is a set of active programs that on the one hand relies on firmware and on the other provides a hardware independent basis for application programs. That is why system software is always intended to run on a particular hardware while application packages are hardware independent and exist in a certain system software environment. If this environment is transported to another hardware platform, all application packages will run there without trouble.
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications. firmware of the IBM PC platform.e file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs..
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Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
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Operating System gloss
Operating System gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
Operating System gloss
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User Application gloss
User Application gloss
USER APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
User Application gloss
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Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.[<
Task gloss
Task gloss
a program loaded into the memory for execution. Since the same program can be loaded several times the operating system works on each of the loaded instances as a separate process.
Task gloss
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Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.S@
Hardware gloss
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field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
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Firmware gloss
Firmware gloss
FIRMWARE
low-level hardware dependent code usually stored in ROM and used to hide particular hardware implementation from the rest of software. The BIOS and device drivers constitute firmware of the IBM PC platform.oC
Firmware gloss
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field "definition 81" of page "pc glossary B"
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Application Program gloss
Application Program gloss
APPLICATION PROGRAM
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
Application Program gloss
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field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
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Application Package gloss
Application Package gloss
APPLICATION PACKAGE
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
Application Package gloss
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PC Firmware 1
Firmware is the lowest level software which hides the actual hardware specific implementation from the rest of the programs. It actually lies on the boundary between hardware and software and consists of hardware specific routines used for device access.
Firmware makes all other software relatively hardware independent: programs don't need to know how a device will serve a request and concentrate only on how and when to send a proper request to a device. Another important benefit of having firmware is that if the computer is equipped with a new device there is no need to rewrite all existing software to be compatible with the new configuration: change or add new firmware routines preserving the uniform interface with the rest of the programs.
PC firmware consists of the ROM BIOS and device drivers. The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is stored on a special ROM chip. Device drivers are programs that are usually supplied with a corresponding device and must be loaded into the RAM to provide the device control to the rest of software.
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:PHYSSIZE
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BIOS Structure
BIOS Startup Routine
BIOS Boot Routine
BIOS CMOS SetUp routine
Interrupt System
BIOS Interrupts Handling
BIOS Interrupt Vector
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Device Drivers
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BIOS Structure
BIOS Startup Routine
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Interrupt System
BIOS Interrupts Handling
BIOS Interrupt Vector
Interrupt Substitution
Device Drivers
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BIOS Structure
BIOS Startup Routine
BIOS Boot Routine
BIOS CMOS SetUp routine
Interrupt System
BIOS Interrupts Handling
BIOS Interrupt Vector
Interrupt Substitution
Device Drivers
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GlossaryTerm
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
th the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
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Firmware gloss
FIRMWARE
low-level hardware dependent code usually stored in ROM and used to hide particular hardware implementation from the rest of software. The BIOS and device drivers constitute firmware of the IBM PC platform./0
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
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Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
Hardware gloss
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field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
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Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.y8
Interface gloss
INTERFACE
a system of agreements and rules for interaction and information exchange.
ROM BIOS gloss
ROM BIOS
Basic Input/Output System - ROM-based firmware which mainly is responsible for physical access to PC units and devices.
Device Driver gloss
Device Driver gloss
DEVICE DRIVER
A routine with low-level device specific code which hides hardware implementation from the higher-level software.+;
Device Driver gloss
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DETAILS
ROM gloss
ROM gloss
Read-Only Memory - a type of the memory which can be read from but not modified. ROM stores information even when the power supply is switched off.
ROM gloss
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DETAILS
Chip gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
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List of entries arranged in alphabetical order. You can use the scroll bar or the arrow keys on the keyboard to move along the list. To get the definition of a term just click the mouse on it or press the Enter key.
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INPUT BOX
A field for typing in the name of a term for instant access. Each letter typed in moves you along the entry list accordingly.
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definition 500
details
pc software sys serv comp e
a system utility which provides more disk space by encoding data when writing on the disk and decoding when reading. However disk compressors decrease the disk performance and make it difficult to recover data in case of disk failure.
related 500
Utility
Access Rate
Archivator
Archivator
Disk Access
System ProgrammY
definition 501
details
pc software sys serv vir avir b
an anti-virus program which scans disks and RAM to detect viruses.+
related 501
Virus
Anti-Virus
Immunizerrd
Immunizer
definition 502
details
pc software sys serv vir avir a
an anti-virus program which resides in the RAM and checks any attempt by other programs to write on the disk or to become resident in the memory.
related 502
Virus
Anti-Virus
Virus Detector
Immunizer
Memory Resident Programmi
definition 503
details
pc software pack word e
a module or stand-alone program which enables texts to be checked for misspelled words by using large computer dictionaries.m
related 503
Word Processor
Integrated Package
Desk-top Publishing Systems
definition 504
a memory location which has a name. The value of a variable can be set and changed by a program.
related 504
Programming Language
Constant
Data Type
Data Structure
Program
Algorithm
definition 505
in programming a memory location which stores a value that cannot be changed.
related 505
Variable
Programming Language
Data Structure
Data Type
definition 506
details
pc software prog d
a program control structure which is used to repeat the execution of a group of instructions.
related 506
High-level Programming Languages
Program
Branch
definition 507
details
pc software prog d
a program control structure which is used to change the standard (command by command) mode of program execution depending on the result of checking some particular condition.K
related 507
High-level Programming Languages
Program
definition 508
details
pc software pack databases
a program which acts as an interface between physical records in a database and logical queries and which provides facilities to add, delete, and retrieve information stored in data files.s.+
related 508
Database
Data Management
definition 509
details
pc software pack databases b
a collection of related items of data (fields) treated as a single unit.q
related 509
Database
Data Type
Data Export
Data Import
definition 510
a data type which is defined by enumeration of possible values.
related 510
Data Structure
Data Type
Boolean
definition 511
details
pc software pack databases d
a data type which can be assigned to either TRUE (logical 1) or FALSE (logical 0).
related 511
Data Type
Binary
definition 512
a command which results in the execution of a sequence of commands.
related 512
Program
definition 513
details
pc software pack graphics j
a method of describing an image as a collection of simple geometrical figures i.e. lines, circles, curves etc. Vector images can easily be scaled, moved, rotated etc.
related 513
Raster Image
Videosystem
Graphics Editor
definition 514
details
pc software pack graphics i
an image stored as a matrix of dots coded by bits. A bitmap image cannot be resized without a reduction in quality.
related 514
Graphics Mode
Vector Graphicss
definition 515
details
pc software pack comm j
a BBS or Bulletin Board System is a computer system which is dedicated to keeping files which can be accessed via modem communication by many users.
related 515
Modem
Network
Teleconferencing
definition 516
details
pc software pack music
a program which allows the user to edit a sound, delete and insert fragments, overlay sound on sound, and to perform special effects, such as echo, changing signal amplitude and frequency. This sound can be stored in a file and loaded back to the editor or used by other programs.
related 516
Application Package
Music Editor
Music Synthesizer
Sound Cardd
definition 517
a command with its arguments which is input into the operating system.m.K!
related 517
Operating System
Batch Mode
Interface
Full Screen Interfacece
Full Screen Interface
definition 518
&"details
pc software sys os win b
a window containing buttons and other controls used primarily for receiving input from the user.
related 518
User Interface
Full Screen Interface k#
definition 519
a horizontal or vertical bar, located along the right-hand or bottom edge of a window. Scroll bars allow the user to control the location of the view within the overall picture of the window.
related 519
Full Screen Interface
Windoww
definition 520
&%details
pc software sys os win b
the screen area where windows, dialog boxes and icons appear, used, for example, in Windows GUI.
related 520
Dialog Box
User Interface
Windowssi&
definition 521
&details
pc basics package h
a small pictorial representation of an object.
related 521
Full Screen Interface
Graphics Mode
definition 522
'details
pc basics package f
a set of choices and pull-down submenus presented to the user.W(
related 522
User interface
Full Screen Interface
Menu Bar
definition 523
a menu which appears when you click on a particular part of a display and disappears after you select a menu item.
related 523
Pull-Down Menu
Full Screen Interface
definition 524
L*details
pc basics package f
a submenu containing a vertical list of items. It unrolls down the screen.
related 524
Pop-Up Menu
Full Screen Interface
definition 525
+details
pc basics package f
a horizontal area usually at the top of the screen or window containing menu items.
related 525
User interface
Full Screen Interface
Menu
definition 526
,details
pc basics package j
a method of interaction between the user and the computer in which the user types commands at the system prompt.em prompt.
related 526
Interface
Command Line
nd Processor
Command Line
definition 527
x.details
pc basics package e
a method of interaction between the user and the computer in which the entire screen is used by a running application to display data and to request user input.u/
related 527
Interface
Application
Command Line Interface
definition 528
0details
pc software sys os win b
a type of interface which provides a separate rectangular area, or window, on the screen for every executing application.
related 528
Window
Full Screen Interface q1
definition 529
1details
pc software pack word
a user interface based on the "What You See Is What You Get" principle assumes that the displayed picture is very close to the final look of the document.
related 529
User Interface
Desk-top Publishing Systems
ocessor '3
definition 530
N3details
pc software sys os multi os/2
a 32-bit multi-tasking operating system from IBM. The OS/2 LAN Requester/Server module supports LAN management under OS/2 control.74
related 530
Presentation Manager
Multitasking Operating System
LANAN
definition 531
4details
pc software sys os multi unix
a multi-user and multi-tasking scalable and portable operating system which can run both network servers and workstation.
related 531
Multi-User Operating System
Multitasking Operating System
Networking Operating System
LAN Workstationn
definition 532
6details
pc software sys os multi winnt
a portable, scalable 32-bit multi-tasking operating system. It can address up to 4Gb of RAM and handle virtually unlimited amounts of disk space. Its interface looks very similar to Windows 3.1. Windows NT has a built-in LAN management module which can run an NT station as a non-dedicated server.
related 532
Multitasking Operating System
Virtual Memory
Windows
Non-dedicated LAN Server
definition 533
(9details
pc software sys os LAN h
an operating environment which adds peer-to-peer networking capability to Windows.
related 533
Peer-to-Peer Network
Windows
Network Topology
definition 534
:details
pc software sys os multi unix b
a Microsoft version of UNIX for the PC platform. Xenix has a special subsystem which permits switching to MS-DOS mode and running MS-DOS applications.
related 534
MS-DOS
Multitasking
Operating System
definition 535
the base 2 numbering system using only the symbols 0 and 1. Since 0 and 1 can be represented as on and off or negative and positive, computers do their calculations in binary.
related 535
BooleanByte
Boolean
definition 536
=details
pc hardware su mth mem d
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
is quite limited in its capacity.ed in its capacity.a?
related 536
Memory
DRAM Chip
SRAM Chips
Cache
Motherboard
definition 537
a graphic format that represents an image as a matrix of dots coded by bits.
related 537
Bit-mapped Image
definition 538
an area of storage used to hold blocks of data and to compensate for difference in rate of data flow during transferral from one device to another.
related 538
Cache
definition 539
|Bdetails
pc hardware su mth mem a
memory chip that keeps the current date and time along with description of the system configuration used by the start-up and booting routines. CMOS memory is manufactured under the CMOS technology and fed from the internal PC accumulator or batteries. ong with description of the system configuration used by the start-up and booting routines.
related 539
Internal Memory
definition 540
Ddetails
pc software sys os bas sup b
Among the most important resources are: - the CPU - the operating system schedules the CPU time between different processes in accordance with a specific strategy; - the memory - all the processes are kept in the memory. The operating system allocates space to each process and checks that this space is not violated by other processes; - access to peripheral devices.
related 540
Central Processing Unit
Operating System
Process
Peripheral Device
MemoryyEG
definition 541
lGdetails
pc software sys os bas s f f b
To be identified by the operating system each file must have a name. This name must be unique otherwise the operating system can't make out which file you want to access. A file name consists of two parts: name and extension. They are separated by a period. p.
related 541
Operating System
File System
File Extension
definition 542
Idetails
pc software sys os bas s f d b
file path plus file name, i.e. the exact order of subdirectories which lead to the file from the root directory appended by the file name. Since different files with identical names can be stored in different directories, using the path permits to specify the file location on the disk unambiguously.-K
related 542
File Name
Directory
definition 543
Kdetails
pc hardware su mth bus
a data exchange channel aimed at cutting down the congestion of information traveling between the internal PC devices (video local bus) or inside a PC unit (CPU internal bus).
related 543
System Bus
definition 544
data represented in the base 2 numbering system, i.e. as a sequence of symbols 0 and 1. nted as on and off or negative and positive, computers do their calculations in binary.
related 544
Binary
Boolean
definition 545
Ndetails
##Interrupt System##
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Once it is completed the interrupted program can be continued. These routines are stored in the BIOS.
related 545
definition 546
Pdetails
##Interrupt System##
a special signal generated by a hardware device to ask the CPU for some servicing. It is processed by the interrupt controller and if approved executed by the CPU which interrupts the currently running program.
Once it is completed the interrupted program can be continued. These routines are stored in the BIOS.
related 546
Interrupt
Interrupt Controller
definition 547
4Sdetails
##Interrupt System##
a special routine which is started by the CPU to handle particular interrupt. Addresses of interrupt routines are stored in the interrupt vector table. Once the routine is completed, the CPU resumes executing the interrupted program.
the interrupted program can be continued. These routines are stored in the BIOS.
related 547
Interrupt
Interrupt Vector
AddressOU
definition 548
vUdetails
pc software firm f
a memory location of four bytes that keeps the address of the interrupt routine.
certain hardware access functions. It is kept in the BIOS Data Area and is used by the BIOS to access to a certain interrupt routine.
related 548
Interrupt
BIOS Interrupt Vector
Interrupt Table
definition 549
ZWdetails
pc hardware su mth cpu x
a priority of hardware interrupt request. Every hardware interrupt has its own IRQ number that defines the order in which the interrupts are processed. IRQ number corresponds to a certain pin of interrupt controller chip. The interrupt controller has eight IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
are stored in the BIOS.
related 549
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About "Learn Your PC"
:PHYSSIZE
The highly structured interactive text information is illustrated with slides, pictures, animations, video clips and sound narrations. The interactive navigation provides quick and easy access to the information.
You can work with the "Learn Your PC" at three levels of expertise:
Novice - for people who are just making their first steps into the world of computers;
Advanced - users with experience in computing can find more detailed information which explains the underlying principles;
Expert - this level includes information about signals, data formats, protocols etc. useful for computer professionals.s.
The learning course is divided into three sections:
Basics -in this section the main concepts of computing are explained;
Hardware - this section covers all the components, devices and equipment which constitute PC systems;
Software - this section covers PC firmware, system software, programming languages and applications.
"Learn Your PC" also includes a special glossary which you can use as an encyclopedia. For about a thousand terms the glossary provides definitions, synonyms, related terms and possibility to get more detailed explanation from the learning course.
"Learn your PC" is a multimedia CD-ROM containing both a learning course and an encyclopedia, which constitute a comprehensive introduction to the world of IBM PC compatibles.es.
Whether you are a beginner or an experienced user, just try "Learn Your PC" and see how much new and useful information you learn in a friendly and entertaining way..
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Programming Languages
:PHYSSIZE
Language Syntax and Semantics
Levels of Programming Languages
General-purpose and Special Languages
Procedural Languages
Nonprocedural Languages
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Procedural languages
Nonprocedural languages
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General-purpose and Special Languages
Procedural Languages
Nonprocedural Languages
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Currently there are some 2,000 programming languages available. Why are they so numerous? Why not use a single general-purpose language to communicate with computer?
The situation with programming languages vaguely resembles that of natural languages. The languages of Northern peoples contain dozens of words to denote snow, and the languages of Central Africa feature dozens of words to differentiate between banana species. Thus speaking of snow one should resort to Northern languages while African languages are more suitable for banana talk. Programming languages vary due to the great diversity of computer applications and implementation approaches.
This article deals with programming languages and their characteristic features.
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications. hardware-oriented and highly efficient, and high-level languages, which are much more abstract.
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Programming Language gloss
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
a formal system of rules and syntax in which programs can be written. There is a wide range of programming languages, including both low-level, which are hardware-oriented and highly efficient, and high-level languages, which are much more abstract.
Application gloss
Application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
Application gloss
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Spreadsheet gloss
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Spreadsheet gloss
Utility gloss
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SpreadSheets
HISTORYSPREADSHEETTSHEET
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The first spreadsheet appeared on the Apple II personal computer in 1979. It was called VisiCalc (Visible Calculator) and was designed by Software Arts. After the IBM PC appeared on the market in 1981, Software Arts produced a special version of VisiCalc for IBM PCs. The next famous spreadsheet was SuperCalc designed by Sorcim company for IBM PC compatibles. It had a special data search utility. Finally, Microsoft launched its Multiplan and became a front runner in the new generation of spreadsheet packages.
Spreadsheets of the new generation became an integrated environment, which could deal with different interrelated tasks. They were supplied with graphics interfaces, could support data management procedures, allowed data import/export between applications and could print graphs, diagrams and charts as well as numerical reports.
In 1983 the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet package was introduced by the Lotus Development Corporation. It was a great success and became the basis for the Symphony integrated package. Other manufacturers soon introduced new software. Among them were Microsoft with Excel, Borland International with Quatro Pro and Computer Associates International with SuperCalc.
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software environment, which lets the user solve a range of co-related tasks using unified dialog interface. Integrated packages include a number of specialized software modules, for instance, a word processor, a spreadsheet, a data base management system and provide data exchange between them..
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Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
Interface gloss
UTILITY
a program which performs system housekeeping functions.
DETAILS
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 164" of page "pc glossary D"
Utility gloss
IBM PC Compatible gloss
IBM PC COMPATIBLE
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.
IBM PC Compatible gloss
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IBM PC Compatible gloss
DETAILS
Data Management gloss
detailPage
field "definition 405" of page "pc glossary I"
Data Management gloss
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field "definition 183" of page "pc glossary D"
Utility gloss
Data Import gloss
INTERFACE
a system of agreements and rules for interaction and information exchange.
Data Management gloss
DATA MANAGEMENT
storage, sorting, retrieval and modification of large amounts of data.
DETAILS
Application gloss
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field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
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Integrated Package gloss
DATA IMPORT
the ability of a program to use data prepared in other programs in a different format.
data export gloss
DATA EXPORT
the ability of a program to convert its data into a form acceptable by other programs which use different formats.
Application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
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INTEGRATED PACKAGE
software environment, which lets the user solve a range of co-related tasks using unified dialog interface. Integrated packages include a number of specialized software modules, for instance, a word processor, a spreadsheet, a data base management system and provide data exchange between them.
DETAILS
Integrated Package gloss
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About "Learn Your PC"
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Structure of "Learn Your PC"
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Learn Your PC
Version 1.0
Copyright
RTA Laser Data.
Production: RTA Laser Data in cooperation with IPI RAN Andrei Mikheev Laboratory.
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Structure of "Learn Your PC"PC"
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Information in Learn Your PC is presented in a highly structured way and is organized into a tree- like structure. The root menu is the starting point from which you can enter one of the three sections of the learning course (BASICS, HARDWARE or SOFTWARE) or enter the GLOSSARY.
Within a section you can move up or down the tree of contents in order to access more detailed information. An information unit consists of an interactive text with illustrations and occupies exactly one screen. There are two types of screens in the tree: nodes and leaves. A node is a screen from which you can make further choices. A leaf screen or topic provides the most detailed information and terminates the branch.
A node with related leaf screens constitutes an article. With an article you can work at one of three levels of expertise, which controls the number of topics available. The higher the level, the more topics you can access.
Glossary terms are highlighted in the text as clickable hotwords. On clicking the hotword you get a glossary definition in a pop-up window, which is dismissed by a mouse click. This window also contains the DETAILS button. Clicking this button brings you to the screen which contains more detailed information about the glossary term...rm.
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A node with related leaf screens constitutes an article. With an article you can work at one of three levels of expertise, which controls the number of topics available. The higher the level, the more topics you can access.
Glossary terms are highlighted in the text as clickable hotwords. On clicking the hotword you get a glossary definition in a pop-up window, which is dismissed by a mouse click. This window also contains the DETAILS button. Clicking this button brings you to the screen which contains more detailed information about the glossary term.e is a screen from which you can make further choices. A leaf screen or topic provides the most detailed information and terminates the branch.
A node with related leaf screens constitutes an article. With an article you can work at one of three levels of expertise, which controls the number of topics available. The higher the level, the more topics you can access.
Glossary terms are highlighted in the text as clickable hotwords. On clicking the hotword you get a glossary definition in a pop-up window, which is dismissed by a mouse click. This window also contains the DETAILS button. Clicking this button brings you to the screen which contains more detailed information about the glossary term...rm.
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Click to get further explanations.
object on the screen to get further explanations.
You can move down the learning course clicking the mouse on mouse sensitive objects. Objects with a little mouse icon will bring you to a more detailed node screen. Red colored menus lead to the topics and black bold-italic keywords in the text are linked to glossary definitions.
You can move up by the tree using the control button "Upward" at the bottom of the screen. You can go directly to any node or topic using the "Index" and "Contents" buttons. You can go sequentially through the learning course using the "Browse" buttons. Using the "Detailed" button that usually appears with a glossary definition you can go to the topic with exhaustive information about the term.
Click a button to get further explanations.
go to the topic with exhaustive information about the term.
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Browse
this pair of buttons provides a sequential bypass over the learning course.e.
e product contents.s.
You can navigate through the tree-like structure of the learning course in almost any possible direction.
You can move down the learning course clicking the mouse on mouse sensitive objects. Objects with a little mouse icon will bring you to a more detailed node screen. Red colored menus lead to the topics and black bold-italic hotwords in the text are linked to glossary definitions.
You can move up by the tree using the control button "Upward" at the bottom of the screen. You can go directly to any node or topic using the "Index" and "Contents" buttons. You can go sequentially through the learning course using the "Browse" buttons. Using the "Detailed" button that usually appears with a glossary definition you can go to the topic with exhaustive information about the term.
Click a button to get further explanations.
se sensitive object on the screen to get further explanations.
ions.
You can move up by the tree using the control button "Upward" at the bottom of the screen. You can go directly to any node or topic using the "Index" and "Contents" buttons. You can go sequentially through the learning course using the "Browse" buttons. Using the "Detailed" button that usually appears with a glossary definition you can go to the topic with exhaustive information about the term.
Click a button to get further explanations.
Upward" at the bottom of the screen. You can go directly to any node or topic using the "Index" and "Contents" buttons. You can go sequentially through the learning course using the "Browse" buttons. Using the "Detailed" button that usually appears with a glossary definition you can go to the topic with exhaustive information about the term.
Click a button to get further explanations.
se sensitive object on the screen to get further explanations.
ions.
upward_help
Upward
moves you up in the tree. Especially useful when you want to look at the related information when you have jumped using the "Details" button of a glossary term..
ssing UPWARD button moves you higher and higher through intermediate menus until you reach starting menu of the current section and, at last, the main menu of the product.roduct.
index_help
Index
displays an alphabetically ordered list of names of all the topics of the learning course. You can choose and click on a topic name to jump straight there. You can also use the quick search facility.acility.
contents_help
Contents
displays the overall contents of the learning course in a tree-like form of scrollable list. Clicking the highlighted name brings you to the corresponding screen. You can also use a special quick search facility.lity.
sound_help
Sound
this pair of buttons allows you to switch on or off a music accompaniment (MIDI) and voice narrations for video and animations.
Music accompaniment Voice explanation
ON OFF ON OFFF OFFF
Sound
Sound On
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Sound
Sound Off
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Midi Off
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Midi On
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exit_help
quits "Learn Your PC" and exits to Windows.
help_help
displays the Help menu.
t it the button you have just tried?ried?
menu_help
brings you right to the root menu of "Learn Your PC"..C.
back_help
brings you back to the last screen you visited. Especially useful after you have used the "Details" button of a glossary pop-up window.ow.
detail_help
Level of Expertise
pusing this button you can set a level of expertise for working with the learning course. The number of books in the icon corresponds to the level:
Novice Advanced Expertt Advanced Experttn find more detailed information which explains underlying principles,
Expert can find more detailed information which explains underlying principles,
Expert
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subarticle
Subarticle
Mouse sensitive objects with this small mouse icon lead to more detailed nodes or subarticles. To move up from a subarticle to its main article use the "Up" button..
Menu1
Red colored article menus lead to the most detailed topics about the different concepts of the article. To get back from the topic to the article screen use the "Upward" button..
Detailed" button which leads to the topic of the learning course where the term is fully explained. To get back to the original topic use the "Back" button.ton.n.on.
hotwords
Hotwords
Glossary terms are marked in the text with a black bold italic font. Clicking on the term gives you a pop-up window with its definition. At the bottom of the window is located the "Detailed" button which leads to the topic of the learning course where the term is fully explained. To get back to the original topic use the "Back" button.n.on.
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D~DAbout "Learn Your PC"
About Disk Storage
About Disk Storage : DISK STRUCTURE
About Disk Storage : DISK TYPES
About Disk Storage : HIGH-LEVEL FORMATTING
About Disk Storage : HOW DATA IS STORED ON DISK
About Disk Storage : INTERLEAVE & PRECOMPENSATION
About Disk Storage : LOW-LEVEL FORMATTING
About Disk Storage : THE FILE SYSTEM
Accelerators
Accelerators : COPROCESSORS & ACCELERATORS
Accelerators : COPROCESSORS SOFTWARE
Accelerators : GRAPHICS COPROCESSORS
Accelerators : LOCAL BUS USE
Accelerators : MEMORY BOOST
Accelerators : VIDEO ACCELERATORS
Anti -Virus Programs
AntiViruses
AntiViruses : DETECTORS
AntiViruses : DISK SECTORS EDITING
AntiViruses : IMMUNIZERS
AntiViruses : PREVENTION
AntiViruses : VIRUS-FILTERS
Application Packages
Business Packages
Business Packages : APPLICATION
Business Packages : DATA EXCHANGE
Business Packages : EXTRA FACILITIES
Business Packages : INTEGRATION : PRO and CONTRA
Business Packages : MODULES COLLABORATION
Business Packages : PACKAGE CUSTOMIZATION
CD-ROM
CD-ROM : CD TRACK
CD-ROM : CD-ROM DRIVE ADJUSTMENT
CD-ROM : CD-ROM DRIVE INSTALLATION
CD-ROM : CD-ROM MANUFACTURING
CD-ROM : CD-ROM STANDARDS
CD-ROM : CD-ROM STORAGE SURFACE
CD-ROM : MPC REQUIREMENTS
CD-ROM : PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
CD-ROM : WORKING WITH A CD-ROM
Choosing Configuration
Clock Generator
Clock Generator : CLC SIGNAL
Clock Generator : READY SIGNAL
Clock Generator : RESET SIGNAL
Clock Generator : STRUCTURE
Command Interpreter
Communication Packages
Communication Packages : ADDRESSING IN ELECTRONIC MAIL
Communication Packages : BBS
Communication Packages : DATA COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS
Communication Packages : DIRECT DATA TRANSMISSION
Communication Packages : ELECTRONIC MAIL
Communication Packages : MODERN COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE
Communication Packages : RESTRICTIONS OF TTY-PROGRAMS
Communication Packages : SETTING UP
Communication Packages : TELECONFERENCING
Communication Packages : TTY - DUMB TERMINAL
Compressors
Compressors : ADVANCED FEATURES
Compressors : COMPRESSING ALGORITHM
Compressors : COMPRESSION SHELLS
Compressors : DATA COMPRESSION
Compressors : DISK COMPRESSORS
Compressors : THE STANDARD FEATURES
Control Tablet
CPU : INSIDE THE CPU
CPU : MAIN PARAMETERS
CPU : MEMORY SEGMENTATION
CPU : MULTITASKING
CPU : PIPELINING
CPU : PROGRAM EXECUTION
CRT Monitor
CRT Monitor : ADAPTOR CONNECTOR
CRT Monitor : COLOR CRT
CRT Monitor : CONTROL CIRCUITS
CRT Monitor : CONTROLS
CRT Monitor : CRT CONSTRUCTION
CRT Monitor : MONITOR CONNECTION
CRT Monitor : PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
CRT Monitor : RASTER IMAGE GENERATION
CRT Monitor : VIDEOSYSTEMS
Data Bases
Data Bases : DATA SECURITY & IMPORT/EXPORT
Data Bases : DATA TYPES
Data Bases : DATABASE CUSTOMIZATION
Data Bases : DATABASE QUERY LANGUAGES
Data Bases : DIFFERENT NEEDS
Data Bases : HISTORY
Data Bases : LEADING WINDOWS DBS
Data Bases : LOGICAL STRUCTURE
Directories
Directories : FULL FILENAME
Directories : SUBDIRECTORIES
Directories : THE CURRENT DIRECTORY
Directories : WORKING WITH DIRECTORIES
Disk Storage
ESDI Standard
ESDI Standard : ESDI GENERAL
ESDI Standard : ESDI INTERFACE CABLES
ESDI Standard : ESDI LIMITATIONS
ESDI Standard : MORE ABOUT ESDI
Expansion Slots
Files
Files : FILE ATTRIBUTES
Files : FILE FORMATS
Files : FILE NAME
Files : FILE TYPE AND FILE NAME
Files : WILDCARDS IN FILENAMES
Files : WORKING WITH FILES
Floppy Disk Controller
Floppy Disk Controller : CONNECTION
Floppy Disk Controller : CONTROLLER MAIN CHIP
Floppy Disk Controller : CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
Floppy Disk Controller : DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS
Floppy Disk Controller : FDSD INTERFACE
Floppy Disk Drive
Floppy Disk Drive : 3.5" DISK DRIVE OPERATION
Floppy Disk Drive : 5.25" DISK DRIVE OPERATION
Floppy Disk Drive : INSTALLATION & CONNECTION
Floppy Disks
Floppy Disks : EXPLOITATION RULES
Floppy Disks : NON-STANDARD FORMATS
Floppy Disks : STANDARD FORMATS
Floppy Disks : WRITE-PROTECTION
Games
General Purpose Utilities
General Purpose Utilities : DELETING/ RESTORING FILES
General Purpose Utilities : DISK DATA PROTECTION
General Purpose Utilities : DISK PREPARATION
General Purpose Utilities : DISK SPACE DEFRAGMENTATION
General Purpose Utilities : FILE SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
General Purpose Utilities : HARDWARE TESTS
General Purpose Utilities : SECTOR BY SECTOR EDITING
General Purpose Utilities : SYSTEM SETUP
General Purpose Utilities : UTILITY SHELLS
Graphics Editors
Graphics Editors : DRAWING
Graphics Editors : DRAWING LINES & CURVES
Graphics Editors : EFFECTS
Graphics Editors : RASTER GRAPHICS
Graphics Editors : THE MAIN MENU
Graphics Editors : THE PALETTE BAR
Graphics Editors : VECTOR GRAPHICS
Graphics Editors : WORKING WITH TEXT
Graphics Editors : ZOOM
Hard Disk
Hard Disk : HARD DISK STRUCTURE
Hard Disk : PARTITIONS
Hard Disk : SPECIFICATION
Hard Disk Controller
Hard Disk Controller : HOW TO CHOOSE A CONTROLLER
Hard Disk Controller : THE OVERALL COMPARISON
Hard Disk Drive
Hardware
How To Master a Package
How To Master a Package : COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
How To Master a Package : FULL-SCREEN INTERFACE
How To Master a Package : ICON INTERFACE
How To Master a Package : INFORMATION LINE
How To Master a Package : INSTALLATION
How To Master a Package : INSTALLATION FILE
How To Master a Package : MAIN EXECUTIVE MODULE
How To Master a Package : READING A MENU
How To Master a Package : RUNNING THE PACKAGE
How To Master a Package : STANDARD KEYS
IBM PC History
IBM PC History : IBM PC AND IBM PC/XT
IBM PC History : IBM PC/AT
IBM PC History : PC 386
IBM PC History : PC 486
IBM PC History : PC COMPATIBLES
IBM PC History : PS/2
IBM PC History : THE BEGINNING
IBM PC History : THE MODULARITY
IBM PC History : THE OPEN ARCHITECTURE
Image Characteristics
Information Storage & Management
Ink-Jet Printer
Ink-Jet Printer : HEAD CONNECTION & REPLACEMENT
Ink-Jet Printer : PRINTING HEAD
Ink-Jet Printer : THERMAL AND PIEZOELECTRIC PRINT HEADS
Software are the programs or instructions to hardware components. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) that control the devices while running a task for the user. User applications are aimed towards solving particular problems and can be run only by means of the system software. Firmware is an intermediate level between programs and physical devices - it is used by the system software for hardware control.
a term covering all external computer units and peripheral devices which send data to the computer (input) and/or receives it (output). Some of them can do both of the operations. Input devices include the keyboard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.mputer and runs..
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Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.I#
Instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.w%
Hardware gloss
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field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Process gloss
Process gloss
PROCESS
a program loaded into the memory for execution. Since the same program can be loaded several times the operating system works on each of the loaded instances as a separate process.
Process gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 467" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
Task gloss
Task gloss
a program loaded into the memory for execution. Since the same program can be loaded several times the operating system works on each of the loaded instances as a separate process.k+
Task gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 467" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
User Application gloss
User Application gloss
USER APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.q.
User Application gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Firmware gloss
Firmware gloss
FIRMWARE
low-level hardware dependent code usually stored in ROM and used to hide particular hardware implementation from the rest of software. The BIOS and device drivers constitute firmware of the IBM PC platform.
Firmware gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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2detailPage
field "definition 81" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Physical Device gloss
Physical Device gloss
PHYSICAL DEVICE
a term covering all external computer units and peripheral devices which send data to the computer (input) and/or receives it (output). Some of them can do both of the operations. Input devices include the keyboard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc._5
a priority of hardware interrupt request. Every hardware interrupt has its own IRQ number that defines the order in which the interrupts are processed. IRQ number corresponds to a certain pin of interrupt controller chip. The interrupt controller has eight IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
s are stored in the BIOS.
details
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definition 552
a part of interrupt table that contains BIOS interrupt vectors.
e responsible for certain hardware access functions. It is kept in the BIOS Data Area and is used by the BIOS to access to a certain interrupt routine.
details
pc software firm f
related 552
definition 553
an interrupt vector that points to the BIOS interrupt routine.
re responsible for certain hardware access functions. It is kept in the BIOS Data Area and is used by the BIOS to access to a certain interrupt routine.
The Computer is Hot Electromagnetic Fields Magnetic Fields
The Computer is Cold Corrosion Maintenance of Disk Drives
The Computer is Dusty Electrostatics
"pc basics maint a"
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:PHYSSIZE
The IBM PC is a robust and reliable tool. However to keep runing you must take care of it. ICs contacts and connectors are very sensitive to overheating and overcooling. Magnetic storage can be damaged by electromagnetic and magnetic interference. Static charge and corrosion also can do harm to you computer.mputer.an do harm to you computer.er. computer.
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GlossaryTerm
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
IC gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
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Hard Disk Controller'
:PHYSSIZE
THE OVERALL COMPARISON
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IBM PC History
IBM PC/AT G
In 1983 Intel Corp. introduced a new line of microprocessors, known as Intel 80286. The new model of IBM PC, called IBM PC/AT (Personal Computer/Advanced Technology), was based on the new microprocessor. The 80286 allowed the manufacturers to double the computer's performance.
The PC/AT had two floppy disk drives of a new type, which could keep three times as much information as before. It had a hard disk with storage capacity of 40 Mb or more, system bus of improved design and 1Mb of RAM. The PC/AT was equipped with a new videosystem. EGA - Enchanced Graphics Adapter - could support 16 colors as well as considerably improved resolution.d resolution.ution.
resolution.
GetGlossary("microprocessor",4965,1935,9165,3285)
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:PHYSSIZE
The PC/AT had two floppy disk drives of a new type, which could keep three times as much information as before. It had a hard disk with storage capacity of 40 Mb or more, system bus of improved design and 1Mb of RAM. The PC/AT was equipped with a new videosystem. EGA - Enhanced Graphics Adaptor - could support 16 colors as well as considerably improved resolution.. information as before. It had a hard disk with storage capacity of 40 Mb or more, system bus of improved design and 1Mb of RAM. The PC/AT was equipped with a new videosystem. EGA - Enchanced Graphics Adapter - could support 16 colors as well as considerably improved resolution.d resolution.ution.
resolution.
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GetGlossary("hard disk",2715,3360,7365,4725)
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GetGlossary("
4bus",3660,2850,9345,4725)
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system bus
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GetGlossary("RAM",2715,2895,7695,4965)
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GetGlossary("videosystem",4365,4095,8610,4980)
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80286
Address capacity 24 bits: 16 Mb
Data capacity 16
Speed 16 -20 MHz
Performance about 6 Mips
Applications MS DOS, Windows 16-bit mode
OS, Windows 16-bit mode
GlossaryTerm
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.in 1985 and had resolution of 640x350, 16 colors and 64 Kb of videomemoryst after the computer has been switched off.
he bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
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microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.=
microprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
80286 gloss
80286 gloss
80286
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
80286 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 254" of page "pc glossary F"
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disk drive gloss
disk drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.K"
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disk drive gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 65" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
hard disk gloss
hard disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.Q%
hard disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
system bus gloss
system bus gloss
SYSTEM BUS
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
system bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
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*detailPage
field "definition 20" of page "pc glossary A"
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RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
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videosystem gloss
videosystem gloss
VIDEOSYSTEM
a videoadaptor and a monitor of the same standard.
videosystem gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 292" of page "pc glossary F"
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EGA gloss
EGA gloss
- Enhanced Graphics Adaptor- a videostandard which uses digital color display equipped with video adaptor. Downward compatible with MDA and CGA. It appeared in 1985 and had resolution of 640x350, 16 colors and 64 Kb of videomemory
EGA gloss
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field "definition 297" of page "pc glossary F"
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resolution gloss
resolution gloss
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.
resolution gloss
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IBM PC History
PS/2 READING
To reestablish its share on the microcomputer market the IBM Corp. once made a strategic decision to abandon the open architecture and introduced a new microcomputer called PS/2 ( Personal System 2).
Actually this computer was very similar to ordinary PCs and the only improved element was the system bus of a better design. It was called the microchannel architecture (MCA) and could not be copied by other vendors. This model also had a new videosystem known as VGA (Video Graphics Array). This system supported 256 colors and high resolution mode.
The PS/2 was generally compatible with the previous models, i.e. it could run all the applications written for IBM PC compatibles. However, to make use of the new hardware advantages it required new software.
The software manufacturers were reluctant to support the new PC model because of its incompatibility with the rest of the world and this IBM's stream didn't prove to dictate the fashions as the original IBM PC once had.did.PC.
GetGlossary("
4bus",315,2925,5790,4725)
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system bus
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microchannel
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GetGlossary("videosystem",4800,3165,8535,4080)
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videosystem
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GetGlossary("VGA",720,3405,7140,5010)
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GetGlossary("resolution",3855,3405,8280,4560)
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GetGlossary("
",5085,1965,9090,3645)
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application
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GetGlossary("IBM PC compatible",1410,2100,5835,3885)
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IBM PC compatible
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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pc software
DETAILS
system bus gloss
system bus gloss
SYSTEM BUS
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
system bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 20" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
microchannel gloss
microchannel gloss
MICROCHANNEL
Micro Channel Architecture - a standard of system bus interface. It was introduced and implemented by IBM in the PS/2 family of PCs. It can support 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.
microchannel gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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field "definition 250" of page "pc glossary F"
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videosystem gloss
videosystem gloss
VIDEOSYSTEM
a videoadaptor and a monitor of the same standard.
videosystem gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 292" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
VGA gloss
VGA gloss
Video Graphics Array - a videostandard which was introduced in 1987 with the IBM PS/2 model. It had a fixed frequency analog display, 16 colors in 640x480 resolution, 256 colors in 320x200 resolution, videomemory up to 1024 Kb and was backward compatible with the MDA, CGA and EGA videostandards.
VGA gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
detailPage
details
Z detailPage
field "definition 298" of page "pc glossary F"
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resolution gloss
resolution gloss
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.
resolution gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
#detailPage
field "definition 151" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
application gloss
application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
application gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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&detailPage
field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
IBM PC compatible gloss
IBM PC compatible gloss
IBM PC COMPATIBLE
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.
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IBM PC compatible gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 279" of page "pc glossary F"
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hardware gloss
hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
hardware gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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&,detailPage
field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
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software gloss
software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
software gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
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IBM PC History
PC 386 ER 386 TER 386
The Compaq company was the first to develop a personal computer based on the new-generation of Intel microprocessors, known as Intel 80386. Very soon IBM also introduced a new model of the PS/2 family based on the new Intel. Due to its improved bus architecture this PS/2 computers were faster than others. However, the lack of software support was again against the IBM model.
Computers with the Intel 80386 microprocessor, retaining the existing compatible architecture, were also designed by Zenith, AST, Apricot and other companies. Almost all the 386 computers were supplied with VGA videosystem and later on with SuperVGA.
With such competition, IBM continued to lose much of its once dominant market share.
market share.
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GetGlossary("VGA",3780,1695,9165,3540)
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386 DX 386 SX
Address capacity 32 bit : 4 Gb 32 internal and 24 external : 16 Mb
Data capacity 32 32 internal path and 16 external
Speed up to 33 MHz up to 25 MHz
Performance up to 12 Mips up to 4 Mips
Applications DTP and CAD/CAM packages, Windows 32-bit mode
multitasking OS, Novell file serveres, Windows 32-bit mode
multitasking OS, Novell file server..
80386
(Intel 80386, i80386) the third model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.
GlossaryTerm
SUPERVGA
Super Video Graphics Array- an advanced videostandard available for the IBM PC. In comparison with original VGA it supports 256 colors in 640x480 resolution and a high resolution mode of 800x600. It can be equipped with the videomemory up to 1024 Kb.th the MDA, CGA and EGA videostandards.ses (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
GlossaryDetail
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##Videosystems##
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microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.e
microprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
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80386 gloss
80386 gloss
80386
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.K
^ f!E
80386 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 255" of page "pc glossary F"
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bus gloss
bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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Z$detailPage
field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
software gloss
software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
software gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
VGA gloss
VGA gloss
Video Graphics Array - a videostandard which was introduced in 1987 with the IBM PS/2 model. It had a fixed frequency analog display, 16 colors in 640x480 resolution, 256 colors in 320x200 resolution, videomemory up to 1024 Kb and was backward compatible with the MDA, CGA and EGA videostandards.
VGA gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
x+detailPage
field "definition 298" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
videosystem gloss
videosystem gloss
VIDEOSYSTEM
a videoadaptor and a monitor of the same standard.
videosystem gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
detailPage
details
.detailPage
field "definition 292" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
SuperVGA gloss
SuperVGA gloss
SUPERVGA
Super Video Graphics Array- an advanced videostandard available for the IBM PC. In comparison with original VGA it supports 256 colors in 640x480 resolution and a high resolution mode of 800x600. It can be equipped with the videomemory up to 1024 Kb.
SuperVGA gloss
objectFromPoint(
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P1detailPage
field "definition 299" of page "pc glossary F"
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EATURES
Compressors
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80486 gloss
detailPage
field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
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80486 gloss
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IBM PC History)
PC 486 PC 486
The next Intel microprocessor - 80486 was even more powerful and faster. It was quickly taken up by companies such as Apricot and Compaq, followed by AST and Zenith, all of which began manufacturing the PC 486.
However, the 486 model was not very popular with IBM itself, which seemed unlikely to increase production of this model in the near future.
fileservers with up to 250 fileservers with up to 250ileservers with up to 250
GlossaryTerm
80486
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
GlossaryDetail
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microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
DETAILS
microprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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microprocessor gloss
80486
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
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IBM PC HistoryE
Until the beginning of the 80s when the first PCs appeared on the market computers were used only by highly trained professionals. Early microcomputers were much less efficient not as productive as the big machines, and the term `home computer', which was then in use, tended to be used disparagingly by computer professionals.
Over the last 15 years PCs evolved from being little more than an expensive toy to a daily-used tool for many people of different professions. The improved design of microprocessors and the use of new materials have vastly increased the performance of computers. Chips have become smaller, cheaper and more productive, and high-quality displays in combination with laser printers have made it possible to produce anything from full color artworks to architectural plans.
ftware has brought PCs both to every-day life and professional areas. And there can be no doubt that personal computers will only grow in importance, becoming an irreplaceable part of the everyday life.
everyday life.
ay life.
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GetGlossary("Chip",1500,1620,5910,3210)
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GetGlossary("Display",2730,2115,5910,3450)
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The Beginning PC Compatibles PS/2
The Open Architecture IBM PC and IBM PC/XT PC 386
The Modularity IBM PC/AT PC 486
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New software has brought PCs both to every-day life and professional areas. And there can be no doubt that personal computers will only grow in importance, becoming part and parcel of everyday life.
, and the term `home computer', which was then in use, tended to be used disparagingly by computer professionals.
Over the last 15 years PCs evolved from being little more than an expensive toy to a daily-used tool for many people of different professions. The improved design of microprocessors and the use of new materials has vastly increased the performance of computers. Chips have became smaller, cheaper and more productive, and high-quality displays in combination with laser printers have made it possible to produce anything from full color artwork to architectural plans.
New software has brought PCs both to every-day life and professional areas. And there can be no doubt that personal computers will only grow in importance, becoming an irreplaceable part of the everyday life.
everyday life.
ay life.
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microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
microprocessor gloss
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Chip gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
Display gloss
Display gloss
DISPLAY
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.
Display gloss
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laser printer gloss
laser printer gloss
LASER PRINTER
the most advanced type of printers which uses a laser beam for image generation.
laser printer gloss
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field "definition 263" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
software gloss
software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
software gloss
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IBM PC History9
THE BEGINNING
In August 1981 the IBM Corporation (International Business Machines Corporation) started what is known as the personal computer revolution by launching its first Personal Computer.
It was not, in fact, the first personal microcomputer. The Tandy TRS-80 designed by the Tandy Corporation and the Apple II from Apple Computers were already on the market. However the IBM model had two main advantages over the rest: its open architecture and modularity.
rity.
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PC ABC
PC ABC is a very general introduction to the basic concepts of computing. This section contains basic definitions, easily understandable even by beginners. It will provide you with the basis for comprehension of other sections, where the information will be further detailed.led.tailed.
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Information Processing Bits and Bytes
PC Architecture ASCII Codes
Programs and Data
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IBM PC History1
THE OPEN ARCHITECTURE ITECTURE' E
There was nothing new in the actual components of the IBM PC. It had a ready-made micro-processor from Intel, ordinary Tandon disk drives, and a fairly standard display. What made the IBM PC viable and ultimately revolutionary was the way it was designed - what manufacturers call the open architecture, i.e. the ability to integrate new hardware and software to the system.
The IBM PC, for the first time in the PC history, had the design that could be upgraded using hardware and software from other vendors. The PC's motherboard could be added with new peripherals via expansion slots.
ots~.
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GetGlossary("Disk Drive",3480,2565,7335,3675)
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GetGlossary("display",2190,2805,6255,3975)
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GetGlossary("hardware",1965,3765,6420,4890)
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GetGlossary("software",2400,1440,7830,3525)
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GlossaryTerm
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.ted not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
microprocessor gloss
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Disk Drive gloss
Disk Drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.}
Disk Drive gloss
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DETAILS
display gloss
display gloss
DISPLAY
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.
display gloss
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hardware gloss
hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
hardware gloss
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software gloss
software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
software gloss
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motherboard gloss
motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
motherboard gloss
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IBM PC History
Another important innovation in the PC design was the modularity. The main principle of modularity is that every new item of hardware or software should be backward-compatible. In other words, new versions should include all the properties of the previous ones. The advantages of this are obvious:
- there is no need to replace the whole computer once it becomes obsolete: parts can be substituted or upgraded,
- the user can tailor the computer to his or her own requirements,
- when the computer needs to be repaired, a single unit can be replaced, thus cutting down the cost and time.
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THE MODULARITY
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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hardware gloss
hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.O
hardware gloss
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software gloss
software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
software gloss
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IBM PC History
PC COMPATIBLES
Once IBM's open architecture had proved viable, production of PCs began to increase rapidly. Since the conception of open architecture could hardly be protected by a copyright, other companies also began manufacturing machines based on the same principle compatible tible, compatibletiblehese so-called `IBM-clones' or 'IBM compatibles' had all the advantages of the original IBM machines, but usually costed less; some even had better design and performance than the original ones.
It was not surprising then that IBM gradually had been loosing sales to its rivals. The market of IBM PC compatibles increased rapidly but the share of the IBM itself was not so big.
t so big.
:PHYSSIZE
with IBM computers. These so-called `IBM-clones' or 'IBM compatibles' had all the advantages of the original IBM machines, but usually costed less; some had even better design and performance than the original ones.
It was not surprising then that IBM gradually had been loosing sales to its rivals. The market of IBM PC compatibles grew rapidly but the share of the IBM itself was not so big.
t so big.
ess; some even had better design and performance than the original ones.
It was not surprising then that IBM gradually had been loosing sales to its rivals. The market of IBM PC compatibles increased rapidly but the share of the IBM itself was not so big.
t so big.
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GlossaryTerm
IBM PC COMPATIBLE
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.
IBM PC compatible gloss
IBM PC COMPATIBLE
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.
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IBM PC History
IBM PC AND IBM PC/XT
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The first IBM PC was based on the Intel 8088 microprocessor, 64 Kb of RAM, a tape recorder for loading and storing programs and data, a floppy disk drive and a built-in version of BASIC. Such equipment was rather primitive, and IBM soon introduced a new model : IBM PC/XT (Personal Computer/eXTended model). This model was also based on the Intel 8088 microprocessor, but it no longer used the tape recorder as a storage device. Instead, another floppy disk drive was added to the model, and it could be supplemented with 10 or 20 Mb hard disk. It had the CGA (Color Graphics Adaptor) video system which supported 4 colors and rather low resolution.on.on.ion...resolution.
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8086 8088
Address capacity 1 Mb of memory space 1 Mb of memory space
Data capacity 16 16 internally : 8 externally
Speed up to 10 MHz up to 10 MHz
Performance up to 3.5 Mips up to 3.5 Mips
Application MS DOS MS DOSips
Application MS DOS MS DOS
GlossaryTerm
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.red in 1982. It had resolution of 640x320, 64 Kb of videomemory and could show 4 different colors.file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
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microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
microprocessor gloss
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RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
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loading gloss
LOADING
reading the contents of a file into the memory. Only loaded information can be used by the processor. A loaded program is called a process. Data to be modified must also be loaded into the memory.
program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
disk drive gloss
disk drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.
8%@&0
disk drive gloss
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BASIC gloss
BASIC gloss
BASIC
(Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) a high-level procedural programming language. It is mainly used for teaching beginners.
BASIC gloss
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hard disk gloss
hard disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
hard disk gloss
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CGA gloss
CGA gloss
Color Graphics Adaptor- the first videostandard for IBM PCs which could produce both color text and graphics. Appeared in 1982. It had resolution of 640x320, 64 Kb of videomemory and could show 4 different colors.
CGA gloss
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resolution gloss
resolution gloss
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.
resolution gloss
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MFM & RLL Standards
The ST506 interface was improved by IBM. It developed a compression technique called RLL (Run Length Limited) and implemented it in the ST506 disks. This compression increased the disk storage space for up to one third, increased the data transmission rate without changing the frequency of pulses ( 5 MHz). Typical RLL hard disks had the data transmission rate of 900 Kb per second.
The controller manufacturers double the pulse frequency up to 6.7 MHz. They implemented advanced ARLL and extended ERLL compression techniques, which made it possible to expand the disk storage space and increase the data transmission rate twice as compared with the original RLL construction. However, the disk drive operating in the advanced mode became very sensitive to the temperature and even to the small variations of the cable length.
and even to the small variations of the cable length.
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk. devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.r.turers.
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ST506 Interface gloss
ST506 Interface gloss
ST506 INTERFACE
Modified Frequency Modulation - a standard of hard disk controllers. It was developed in 1981 by Seagate using the ST506/412 interface. These days it is rarely used by manufacturers.
ST506 Interface gloss
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Disk Storage gloss
Disk Storage gloss
DISK STORAGE
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.
Disk Storage gloss
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Data Transmission Rate gloss
DATA TRANSMISSION RATE
speed of data transmission. Usually measured in bauds - bits per second.?
Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
Hard Disk gloss
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Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.]
Disk Drive gloss
Disk Drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.k
Disk Drive gloss
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ESDI Standard
The most essential distinction of the ESDI interface from ST506 was that the data bufferization was moved from the controller to the disk drive itself. This had two major advantages:
- it decreased the probability of data distortion during transmission between the controller and the disk drive;
- it provided additional adjustment of the parameters of the disk drive and the hard disk itself.
The ESDI interface had the data transmission rate of up to 1.2 Mb per second, with a theoretical rate of up to 3 Mb per second or even higher.
The control signal bus is too weak to transmit complex instructions of the ESDI interface. So the control instructions of the ESDI controller are serially sent along the data bus. There are 11 instructions that had 16 bit size plus 1 bit for parity control.
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC. inside the computer.
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Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.[
Disk Drive gloss
Disk Drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.i
Disk Drive gloss
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Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.o
Hard Disk gloss
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Data Transmission Rate gloss
DATA TRANSMISSION RATE
speed of data transmission. Usually measured in bauds - bits per second.
Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
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ESDI Standard
The ESDI standard describes electrical and mechanical parameters of the interface between the hard disk controller and the disk drive. Rules of data transmission between the controller and the processor as well as a technique of writing information on a hard disk were not determined. The ESDI standard has three basic sets of characteristics for communication between a computer and magnetic disks, magnetic tapes and optical disk storage devices. The ESDI interface can also be used for attaching a printer or a communication adaptor to the computer' s data bus.
One controller card could serve up to seven devices.
ould serve up to seven devices.
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GetGlossary("Hard Disk Controller",270,2385,4695,3960)
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Hard Disk Controller
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GetGlossary("Disk Drive",3030,2385,6930,3450)
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Disk Drive
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GetGlossary("Optical Disk",3555,3465,8055,4995)
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Optical Disk
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GetGlossary("Printer",2130,2640,5790,3495)
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Printer
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MORE ABOUT ESDITICSARACTERISTICSCTERISTICSE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.nd robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used. a sector etc.
GlossaryDetail
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DETAILS
DETAILS
ESDI Standard gloss
ESDI STANDARD
Enhanced Small Device Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. This standard is mostly used with Intel 80286 processors.
ESDI Standard gloss
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field "definition 217" of page "pc glossary E"
ESDI Standard gloss
Disk Drive gloss
Hard Disk Controller gloss
HARD DISK CONTROLLER
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the hard disk and the RAM via the system bus. It also generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
Hard Disk Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 232" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Optical Disk gloss
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field "definition 126" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Optical Disk gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.
DETAILS
Disk Drive gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 65" of page "pc glossary B"
Disk Drive gloss
Printer gloss
OPTICAL DISK
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.
objectFromPoint(
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Optical Disk gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.
Printer gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
Printer gloss
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ESDI Standard
The ESDI controller is attached to disk drives by two cables:
- 34-wire cable for control signals. It maximum length was up to 3 meters.
- 20-wire radial cable for data transmission.
ssion.
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ESDI INTERFACE CABLES
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.
GlossaryDetail
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Disk Drive gloss
DETAILS
pc hardware su ds ds
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.
DETAILS
Disk Drive gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 65" of page "pc glossary B"
Disk Drive gloss
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DETAILS
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ESDI Standard
ESDI LIMITATIONS
EEEDI INTERFACEEEEEEE
Field of application for the ESDI standard is restricted since it ignores many processes at both ends of the interface. The program interface between the computer and hard disk controller is of paramount importance - using different control structures, controllers become incompatible. To provide compatibility each controller must be supplied with its own device driver which hides all implementation features from the operating system.
The ESDI standard also does not determine any data write technique, a degree of redundancy necessary for data recovering and a format of sectors' addresses. Requirements for bufferization and error correction techniques are also beyond the scope of ESDI.
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc. shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
ESDI STANDARD
Enhanced Small Device Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. This standard is mostly used with Intel 80286 processors.
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 217" of page "pc glossary E"
ESDI Standard gloss
DETAILS
Program Interface gloss
PROGRAM INTERFACE
a system of agreements and rules for interaction between a program and a user. It supports input of user commands and provides output of the results in a form acceptable by the user.
Program Interface gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 181" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Device Driver gloss
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field "definition 68" of page "pc glossary B"
Device Driver gloss
Hard Disk Controller gloss
HARD DISK CONTROLLER
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the hard disk and the RAM via the system bus. It also generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
Hard Disk Controller gloss
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field "definition 232" of page "pc glossary E"
Hard Disk Controller gloss
Operating System gloss
DEVICE DRIVER
A routine with low-level device specific code which hides hardware implementation from the higher-level software.
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Device Driver gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
DETAILS
Operating System gloss
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field "definition 124" of page "pc glossary C"
Operating System gloss
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SCSI & IDE Standards
SCSI-I STANDARDSSDARDSS OF ESDI INTERFACE
The SCSI-I interface is described by the ANSI X3.131-1986 standard. It is based on the earlier SASI (Shugart Associates System Interface) standard. SASI was developed in 1979 for attachement of 8" hard disk drives to microcomputers. SASI also was used with streamers, printers, coprocessors and optical disk drives.
SCSI standard describes a list of requirements for physical and electrical characteristics of the data bus, an instruction set for the connected devices control and a protocol according to which data and instructions are transmitted between the devices.
SCSI-I supports 8-bit data bus.
SCSI-I supports 8-bit data bus.
elligent Drive Electronics. This standard was originally designed as a low-cost alternative to the ESDI drive. Another advantage of IDE is that one card can run two drives. So, IDE has now become the most popular hard disk interface for new models of PC. Many manufacturers build-in the IDE interface into motherboards......
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GetGlossary("Hard Disk",2115,2460,7020,3795)
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Hard Disk
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GetGlossary("Streamer",4905,2460,9105,3810)
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Streamer
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GetGlossary("Printer",375,2700,3945,3600)
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Printer
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GetGlossary("Coprocessor",1200,2700,5265,4275)
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Coprocessor
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GetGlossary("Optical Disk",2820,2700,6975,4470)
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Optical Disk
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GetGlossary("Protocol",3915,3420,7560,4800)
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Protocol
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
PROTOCOL
a fixed set of rules which determines exact order of interaction and data exchange between two parties. It is usually implemented in a controller. and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.
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##Modem Protocol##
DETAILS
SCSI gloss
SCSI gloss
Small Computer System Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. It is a modern interface which can be used with 32-bit processors - Intel 386 and Intel 486.
SCSI gloss
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field "definition 218" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
Hard Disk gloss
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field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Streamer gloss
Streamer gloss
STREAMER
a device for storing information on tapes. Though it is slow, it can store large amounts of information. It is particularly useful for archiving.
Streamer gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 166" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Printer gloss
Printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.
Printer gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Coprocessor gloss
Coprocessor gloss
COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.
Coprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 267" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Optical Disk gloss
Optical Disk gloss
OPTICAL DISK
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.
Optical Disk gloss
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#detailPage
field "definition 126" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Protocol gloss
Protocol gloss
PROTOCOL
a fixed set of rules which determines exact order of interaction and data exchange between two parties. It is usually implemented in a controller.
Protocol gloss
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field "definition 22" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
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SCSI & IDE Standards
IDE STANDARDRDE
IDE: Intelligent Drive Electronics. This standard was originally designed as a low-cost alternative to the ESDI drive. Another advantage of IDE is that one card can run two drives. So, IDE has now become the most popular hard disk interface for new models of PC. Many manufacturers build-in the IDE interface into motherboards.ds.
GetGlossary("IDE",450,2085,4935,3450)
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GetGlossary("Hard Disk",2790,2805,7365,4200)
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Hard Disk
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GetGlossary("Motherboard",2220,3165,6930,4590)
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Motherboard
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
GlossaryDetail
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DETAILS
IDE gloss
Integrated Drive Electronics - one of the most popular standards of hard disk controllers used in many models of PCs.
Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.3
Hard Disk gloss
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field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Motherboard gloss
Motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
Motherboard gloss
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field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
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SCSI & IDE Standards
SCSI-II STANDARDEISTICS OF ESDI INTERFACE
In the SCSI-II standard the ANSI committee preserved hardware and software compatibility with the already existing SCSI-I standard. This new standard has an increased data transmission rate and storage capacity due to expansion of the data bus.
SCSI-II supports the data transmission along 16- and 32-bit buses. For compatibility with SCSI-I it also supports an 8-bit bus. Transmission rate has been increased from 4 Mb per second up to 10 Mb.
Another advanced feature of SCSI-II is the command queuing - sending several instructions to a drive at once. This saves time, since an attached drive can decode an instruction during the execution of the previous one.
The new standard has also an instruction set for CD-ROM drives support. Among other improvements there are automatic hardware configuration checking and an enhanced set of copying operations.
nd an enhanced set of copying operations.
are configuration checking and an enhanced set of copying operations.
(Compact Disk - Read Only Memory) - the most widespread kind of optical disk. It resembles a standard audio CD, and can store up to 750 Mb of information, but once recorded by the manufacturer, a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.ir operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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pc hardware su ds ds opt rom
DETAILS
SCSI gloss
SCSI gloss
Small Computer System Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. It is a modern interface which can be used with 32-bit processors - Intel 386 and Intel 486.
SCSI gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 218" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.q
Hardware gloss
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field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Data Transmission Rate gloss
DATA TRANSMISSION RATE
speed of data transmission. Usually measured in bauds - bits per second.
Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
CD-ROM gloss
CD-ROM gloss
CD-ROM
(Compact Disk - Read Only Memory) - the most widespread kind of optical disk. It resembles a standard audio CD, and can store up to 750 Mb of information, but once recorded by the manufacturer, a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.
CD-ROM gloss
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field "definition 310" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
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Expansion Slot gloss
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Expansion Slot gloss
DETAILS
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SCSI & IDE Standards
CLIENTS AND SERVERS
Each device attached to the SCSI bus is either an initiator (client) or an executor (server) of requests. Only two devices can perform data exchange via the bus at a time. A client is attached to the bus via the SCSI adaptor, which is installed into an expansion slot or mounted on the computer motherboard. To the client's SCSI adaptor can be attached either a server or a special controller for mounting up to eight servers.
One SCSI bus can connect a computer with up to 56 peripheral devices.
a device which can be attached to the PC. The most often used peripheral devices are printers, modems, scanners etc.s. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.s, etc.
Small Computer System Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. It is a modern interface which can be used with 32-bit processors - Intel 386 and Intel 486.
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Expansion Slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
Peripheral Device gloss
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field "definition 75" of page "pc glossary B"
Motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
Motherboard gloss
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field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
Motherboard gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.
PERIPHERAL DEVICE
a device which can be attached to the PC. The most often used peripheral devices are printers, modems, scanners etc.
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SCSI & IDE Standards
LINES OF SCSI INTERFACEEDF ESDI INTERFACE
Name Indication Intention
SELECT
CONTROL/DATA
INPUT/OUTPUT
MESSAGE
REQUEST
ACKNOWLEDGE
ATTENTION
RESET
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
T RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
ET RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
dication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
ntion"
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
tion"
RST Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
T Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
ondition (OR assembly)
ition (OR assembly)
(OR assembly)
ition (OR assembly)
tion (OR assembly)
OR assembly)
(OR assembly)
Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
dition (OR assembly)
ndition (OR assembly)
Indication that the bus is busy
Selection of executor or reselection of initiator
Identification of control/data information transmission
Transmission direction relatively the initiator control
Identification of the MESSAGE phase by the initiator
Request for interaction from the executor
Acknowledgement from initiator
Indication from initiator the conditions "Attention"
Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
(OR assembly)
OR assembly)
OR assembly)
OR assembly)
OR assembly)
OR assembly)
R assembly)
assembly)
ondition (OR assembly)
ition (OR assembly)
(OR assembly)
ition (OR assembly)
tion (OR assembly)
OR assembly)
(OR assembly)
Indication "Reset" condition (OR assembly)
dition (OR assembly)
ndition (OR assembly)
The SCSI-I interface has nine control lines (see the table) and nine data lines : DB[7] - DB[0] and DB[P] check line.
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Hard Disk Controller
BUS FREEEEE
ARBITRATION
Any information transfer phase:
COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGEE
Power-up or Resett
SCSI Bus Phases with arbitrationnnn
SELECTION
or
RESELECTION
BUS FREEEEE
SELECTION
Any information transfer phase:
COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGEEE
Power-up or Reset
SCSI Bus Phases without arbitration
PHASES OF SCSI OPERATIONNOPERATIONTERFACE
In every moment of its operation the SCSI interface is staying in one of its eight phases. These phases determine the direction of transmission and the status of the data bus:
BUS FREE
BUS FREE
- indicates that the bus is free and can be used. This phase is identified by absence of the SEL and BSY signals.
ARBITRATION
- initiators can compete for enslaving an executor. All the potential initiators set BSY signal and their priorities on the data bus (0 - DB[0], ... , 7 - DB[7]). In accordance with the arbitration the device with the highest priority gets control over the bus, i.e. an initiator is
selected, and the next step is to select an executor during the SELECTION phase.
SELECTION
- an executor is selected and the operation is initiated.
RESELECTION
- executor in the ARBITRATION phase can reselect the initiator.
Phases COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGE can be detected by
the state of MSG, C/D and I/O lines:
DATA(IN,OUT)
DATA IN
- a client sends data to its server.
DATA OUT
- a server sends data to its client.
STATUS
STATUS
- a server sends instructions to its client.
d I/O lines.
, C/D and I/O lines:
L and BSY signals.
ARBITRATION
- initiators can compete for enslaving an executor. All the potential initiators set BSY signal and their priorities on the data bus (0 - DB[0], ... , 7 - DB[7]). In accordance with the arbitration the device with the highest priority gets control over the bus, i.e. an initiator is
selected, and the next step is to select an executor during the SELECTION phase.
SELECTION
- an executor is selected and the operation is initiated.
RESELECTION
- executor in the ARBITRATION phase can reselect the initiator.
Phases COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGE can be detected by
the state of MSG, C/D and I/O lines:
SELECTION
SELECTION
- a server is selected and the operation is initiated.
RESELECTION
- executor in the ARBITRATION phase can reselect the initiator.
Phases COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGE can be detected by
the state of MSG, C/D and I/O lines:
iorities on the data bus (0 - DB[0], ... , 7 - DB[7]). In accordance with the arbitration the device with the highest priority gets control over the bus, i.e. an initiator is
selected, and the next step is to select an executor during the SELECTION phase.
SELECTION
- an executor is selected and the operation is initiated.
RESELECTION
- executor in the ARBITRATION phase can reselect the initiator.
Phases COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGE can be detected by
the state of MSG, C/D and I/O lines:
MESSAGE(IN,OUT)
MESSAGE IN
- a client sends a message to its server.
MESSAGE OUT
- a server sends a message to its client.
COMMAND
COMMAND
- a client sends instructions to its server.
d I/O lines.
, C/D and I/O lines:
L and BSY signals.
ARBITRATION
- initiators can compete for enslaving an executor. All the potential initiators set BSY signal and their priorities on the data bus (0 - DB[0], ... , 7 - DB[7]). In accordance with the arbitration the device with the highest priority gets control over the bus, i.e. an initiator is
selected, and the next step is to select an executor during the SELECTION phase.
SELECTION
- an executor is selected and the operation is initiated.
RESELECTION
- executor in the ARBITRATION phase can reselect the initiator.
Phases COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGE can be detected by
the state of MSG, C/D and I/O lines:
RESELECTION
RESELECTION
- a server in the ARBITRATION phase can reselect its client.
Phases COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGE can be detected by
the state of MSG, C/D and I/O lines:
xecutor. All the potential initiators set BSY signal and their priorities on the data bus (0 - DB[0], ... , 7 - DB[7]). In accordance with the arbitration the device with the highest priority gets control over the bus, i.e. an initiator is
selected, and the next step is to select an executor during the SELECTION phase.
SELECTION
- an executor is selected and the operation is initiated.
RESELECTION
- executor in the ARBITRATION phase can reselect the initiator.
Phases COMMAND, DATA, STATUS, MESSAGE can be detected by
the state of MSG, C/D and I/O lines:
ARBITRATION
ARBITRATION
- clients can compete for enslaving a server. All potential clients set the BSY signal and their priorities to the data bus (0 - DB[0], ... , 7 - DB[7]). In accordance with the arbitration a device with the highest priority gets the control over the bus, i.e. the client is selected, and the next step is to select the server during the SELECTION phase.
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SCSI & IDE Standards
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con d g
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SCSI gloss
Instruction gloss
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SCSI & IDE Standards
SCSI INSTRUCTION SETTS
The major part of the SCSI standard describes a set of instructions, which should be used by a client to set a request to a server.
These instructions are divided into four groups:
- mandatory instructions,
- instructions of extended set,
- optional instructions,
- vendor-unique instructions.
Every device of the SCSI standard must support the set of mandatory instructions. The extended set of instructions supports operations with the enhanced capacity storage device and permits self-configuring drivers to check the parameters. Optional instructions are not necessarily supported by all the devices, however, they enhance many operations. The SCSI standard does not determine any special instruction set, and manufacturing companies are free to provide their own specific instructions.
de their own specific instructions.
GetGlossary("SCSI",2175,1815,6240,3225)
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GetGlossary("Instruction",2610,1815,6645,3405)
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Instruction
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GetGlossary("Driver",1695,2910,5250,4215)
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Driver
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
DRIVER
A routine with low-level device specific code which hides hardware implementation from the higher-level software.. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
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objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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DETAILS
SCSI gloss
Small Computer System Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. It is a modern interface which can be used with 32-bit processors - Intel 386 and Intel 486.
DETAILS
SCSI gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
field "definition 218" of page "pc glossary E"
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
Driver gloss
DRIVER
A routine with low-level device specific code which hides hardware implementation from the higher-level software.
DETAILS
Driver gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 68" of page "pc glossary B"
Driver gloss
pc hardware su mth cpu 586 c
B"GlossaryDetail"
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GlossaryDetail
cache memory gloss
instruction gloss
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pc hardware su mth cpu 586 b
Pentium
Pentium has two independently running five-step ALUs and therefore can execute two instructions per one clock cycle simultaneously.
The microprocessor has a 32-bit address bus and a 64-bit external bus interface to provide the data transfer rate of 528 Mb/sec. Pentium has two physically separate 8KB cache memories - a data cache and command cache. They are based on the write back cache and 2-way associative cache scheme with a 32-bit data line.
line.
ALU gloss
pc hardware su mth cpu c
GetGlossary("ALU",4710,1860,8475,2790)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("instruction",4560,2100,9195,3480)
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instruction
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("bus",2670,1215,7590,2820)
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GetGlossary("cache memory",3600,2355,9315,3540)
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cache memory
GetGlossary
ARCHITECTURE
Enhanced five-level pipelining (as compared with the i486) includes the following steps: retrieving an instruction from the cache memory, decoding the instruction and writing it back to the cache. Each pipeline has a 32-bit ALU, address scheme, and a data cache interface.
GetGlossary("pipelining",1680,3150,6630,4995)
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pipelining
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
PIPELINING
a technique which is used to increase the productivity of the CPU. Instead of waiting for the execution of the instruction and then fetching the next one in the pipeline scheme both of these operations are implemented by two separate units so they can work without waiting for each other.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
DETAILS
ALU gloss
DETAILS
one of the main modules of the CPU. It performs the actual data processing.
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 199" of page "pc glossary D"
ALU gloss
DETAILS
cache memory gloss
detailPage
field "definition 237" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
DETAILS
bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
bus gloss
pipelining gloss
CACHE MEMORY
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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cache memory gloss
PIPELINING
a technique which is used to increase the productivity of the CPU. Instead of waiting for the execution of the instruction and then fetching the next one in the pipeline scheme both of these operations are implemented by two separate units so they can work without waiting for each other.
pipelining gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
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J detailPage
field "definition 284" of page "pc glossary F"
pipelining gloss
pc hardware su mth cpu 586 d
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Pentium
The new Pentium microprocessor offers great increase in performance as compared with other Intel processors. It has:
- true 66 MHz clock rate,
- 16K Cache memory,
- 32-bit address bus,
- 64 bit external data interface,
- dual instruction unit (ALU) for parallel instructions decoding.
This increases performance up to 30%,
- more instructions than the i486,
- extra memory paging mode,
- improved pipelining,
- improved floating point calculations support,
- performance twice as high as that of the i486.
GetGlossary("clock rate",1620,2535,6135,3930)
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clock rate
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Cache memory",1395,2775,5790,4170)
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Cache memory
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("ALU",2400,3495,6285,4395)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("486",1440,2100,6285,3735)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("memory paging",840,1440,6675,3975)
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memory paging
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("pipelining",1455,2130,5775,4230)
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pipelining
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
NOVEL FEATURES
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
PIPELINING
a technique which is used to increase the productivity of the CPU. Instead of waiting for the execution of the instruction and then fetching the next one in the pipeline scheme both of these operations are implemented by two separate units so they can work without waiting for each other.by the memory manager into the real location of the memory page.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
pc hardware su mth cpu c
DETAILS
clock rate gloss
clock rate gloss
CLOCK RATE
a frequency with which synchronizing pulses are generated by the clock generator. It is one of the main characteristics of the computer (in particular CPU) productivity.
clock rate gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 247" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Cache memory gloss
Cache memory gloss
CACHE MEMORY
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.
Cache memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 237" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
ALU gloss
ALU gloss
one of the main modules of the CPU. It performs the actual data processing.
ALU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 199" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
486 gloss
486 gloss
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
486 gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
memory paging gloss
memory paging gloss
MEMORY PAGING
a technique for dynamic memory management which is based on the concept of virtual memory. It is divided into units called pages and can exceed the physical memory in size. Only active pages are kept in the physical memory. For access to the memory the virtual address is translated by the memory manager into the real location of the memory page.
memory paging gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
"detailPage
field "definition 366" of page "pc glossary H"
DETAILS
pipelining gloss
pipelining gloss
PIPELINING
a technique which is used to increase the productivity of the CPU. Instead of waiting for the execution of the instruction and then fetching the next one in the pipeline scheme both of these operations are implemented by two separate units so they can work without waiting for each other.
pipelining gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
T&detailPage
field "definition 284" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
f"b"b"m
pc hardware su mth cpu 586 f
B"GlossaryDetail"
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Pentium
To make full use of the super fast Pentium design software programs must be written and compiled in the special way.
The most important issue is how the leading operating systems (UNIX, OS/2, Windows NT etc.) will take advantage of the new features of the Pentium. The Pentium provides great efficiency but requires special software adjustment. How expensive this adaptation will be is the main issue determining the success or failure of the new microprocessor.
GetGlossary("software",2685,2115,7440,4455)
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software
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GetGlossary("operating
4",3720,1920,8445,3315)
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operating system
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("UNIX",4275,2220,9210,3315)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("OS/2",1680,2355,6360,3555)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Windows NT",2355,1665,7755,3555)
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Windows NT
GetGlossary
PENTIUM AND SOFTWARE
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
WINDOWS NT
a portable, scalable 32-bit multi-tasking operating system. It can address up to 4Gb of RAM and handle virtually unlimited amounts of disk space. Its interface looks very similar to Windows 3.1. Windows NT has a built-in LAN management module which can run an NT station as a non-dedicated server.grams) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
pc software sys os multi winnt
DETAILS
software gloss
software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
software gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
operating system gloss
operating system gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
operating system gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
field "definition 124" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
UNIX gloss
UNIX gloss
a multi-user and multi-tasking scalable and portable operating system which can run both network servers and workstation.
UNIX gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
field "definition 531" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
OS/2 gloss
OS/2 gloss
a 32-bit multi-tasking operating system from IBM. The OS/2 LAN Requester/Server module supports LAN management under OS/2 control.s
OS/2 gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 530" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
Windows NT gloss
Windows NT gloss
WINDOWS NT
a portable, scalable 32-bit multi-tasking operating system. It can address up to 4Gb of RAM and handle virtually unlimited amounts of disk space. Its interface looks very similar to Windows 3.1. Windows NT has a built-in LAN management module which can run an NT station as a non-dedicated server.
Windows NT gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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$"detailPage
field "definition 532" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth cpu 586 g
B"GlossaryDetail"
enterPage
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GlossaryDetail
i80x86 family gloss
DETAILS
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pc hardware su mth mem
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Pentium
WHAT IS NEXT?
About each 44 months Intel Corp. has been introducing a new chip of the i80x86 microprocessor family. By the end of 1993 the company plans to release a new microprocessor implemented in the 0.65 micron technology (or even greater density), more than 100MHz of the operating frequency and 3.3V of consuming voltage.
Also Intel has developed the Micro2000 plan of microprocessors development. Doing analysis of the user demands and requirements to subsystems and system components Intel experts chart further architecture advances in the famous i80x86 microprocessor family. Let us wait and see...
GetGlossary("i80x86 family",3915,2130,8235,3255)
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i80x86 family
GetGlossary
B"GlossaryDetail"
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GlossaryDetail
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
set of ICs enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed for special purpose. Microchips can accommodate millions of ICs while remaining of the size of a match-box.K
Micro2000
- submicron technology
- 100 million on-chip transistors
- four executing units (20 million transistors)
- built-in self test and external bus interface (7 million transistors)
- two vector processing units (10 million transistors)
- cache memories (40 million transistors)
- intelligent user interface support hardware
- Hardware User Interface (23 million transistors)
GlossaryTerm
I80X86 FAMILY
a range of Intel microprocessors - 8086...80486 and Pentium which are used in all IBM PC compatible microcomputers.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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i80x86 family gloss
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth cpu x86
I80X86 FAMILY
a range of Intel microprocessors - 8086...80486 and Pentium which are used in all IBM PC compatible microcomputers.
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
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details
field "definition 252" of page "pc glossary F"
i80x86 family gloss
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 a
B"GlossaryDetail"
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enterPage
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GlossaryDetail
DETAILS
CPU gloss
detailPage
ALU gloss
CPU gloss
Microchip gloss
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pc hardware su mth cpu x86
Microprocessor i80x86
:PHYSSIZE
INTEL LOCATIONTEL 80X87
About a million transistors are integrated in a single microprocessor chip. This chip incorporates all the CPU units: register memory, Control Unit and ALU. It also has a special control unit for speeding up instructions execution. The microprocessor is basically an over-sized microchip of rectangular (8086) or square ( 80286, -386 and -486) shape.
GetGlossary("CPU",1995,2520,6060,3870)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("ALU",5700,2520,9465,3450)
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GetGlossary
CPU gloss
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
GetGlossary("8086",1440,2010,5895,3600)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("80286",1500,1965,6900,3600)
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80286
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("386",2745,2265,7230,3600)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("486",3300,1995,8055,3615)
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GetGlossary
"cpu"
"pc hardware su mth
tonup
mouseenter
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buttonup
240,50,100
pc hardware su mth cpu
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120,50,100
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pc hardware su mth
240,50,100
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz. with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su mth cpu x86 g
DETAILS
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
DETAILS
ALU gloss
GetGlossary("Microchip",3750,1635,7920,3240)
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Microchip
GetGlossary
80286 gloss
8086 gloss
DETAILS
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
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details
one of the main modules of the CPU. It performs the actual data processing.
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 199" of page "pc glossary D"
ALU gloss
DETAILS
80286 gloss
detailPage
field "definition 254" of page "pc glossary F"
80286 gloss
386 gloss
$detailPage
MICROCHIP
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
(Intel 8086, i8086) the first model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the first IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. It has 16-bit data and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.
8086 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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detailPage
field "definition 253" of page "pc glossary F"
8086 gloss
386 gloss
DETAILS
80286
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
DETAILS
486 gloss
!detailPage
field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
detailPage
details
486 gloss
486 gloss
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.
objectFromPoint(
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details
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field "definition 255" of page "pc glossary F"
386 gloss
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
objectFromPoint(
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pc basics problem
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Choosing Configuration
:PHYSSIZE
objectfrompoint(
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onextQuest
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SERVER
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Question
ARE YOU LOOKING FOR A PC OR A NETWORK SERVER?PERFORMANCE?S??D network servers have very different requirements. A PC may only need a slow processor, 1Mb RAM and 40 Mb hard disk; a network server needs a fast processor, up to 16 Mb RAM, and perhaps a 300 Mb hard disk. 100 Mb IDE
Applications MS-DOS 5.0 MS-DOS 5.0
Windows 3.1 Windows 3.1
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Description
Network servers require fast and powerful CPUs and disks and are intended to run special software. A stand-alone PC or a workstation are not intended to run multiuser applications and are more modest in hardware requirements.
A 32-bit EISA bus or MCA bus make full advantage of the 32-bit CPUs, though they are more expensive. Though network loads tend to increase rather than decrease over time, check whether the technological benefits of EISA or MCA outweigh the additional cost.
option
OPTION
EXPLANATIONON
The term "personal computer" encompasses a great variety of computer systems based on microprocessors. The IBM compatible PCs are based on the Intel family 80x86 microprocessors.
The computer system can be assembled according to the tasks the user wants to carry out. However, to do this effectively you must understand the factors involved.The main component of the computer is the CPU. But the performance of the system is not determined entirely by the microprocessor. Other important components are the memory (cache and RAM), system bus, hard disk and videosystem.system.
system.
stem.
GlossaryDetail
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GlossaryTerm
SERVER,2
WILL THE MACHINE BE USED AS A PC OR A NETWORK SERVER
PCs and network servers have very different requirements. A PC may only need a slow processor, 1Mb RAM and 40 Mb hard disk; a network server needs a fast processor, up to 16 Mb RAM, and perhaps a 300 Mb hard disk.
Yes,5
IS THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE NETWORK AND DISK PERFORMANCE REQUIRED
If so, you should consider a system with a 32 bit EISA expansion bus, or an MCA bus for those adhering to IBM standards.
More,4
CHECK THE PERFORMANCE OF ISA SYSTEMS
Bear in mind that network loads tend to increase rather than decrease, and you may in the end need to upgrade to a faster expansion bus specification
Yes,Con6
No,Con7
IS THE INTEL NAME ON THE PROCESSOR ESSENTIAL?
No major incompatibilities between 386 chips from Intel and AMD have yet been reported, and the latter are less expensive. But if you need to be absolutely sure, follow the Intel route.
More,4
CHECK THE PRICES ON EISA SYSTEMS
Users must decide whether the technological benefits of EISA outweigh the additional cost.
Yes,9
WILL IT BE REQUIRED TO RUN 32BIT-SPECIFIC SOFTWARE
32bit applications will not run on older 286 and 8088 chips, and if you expect to run Unix, OS/2 2.0 or Windows/NT, 386SX systems should be avoided
Yes,9
WILL IT BE USED TO RUN WINDOWS
If so, users should now look at full 386 systems with 4Mb RAM and big hard disks. A fast 386SX with 2Mb is adequate for notebook and laptop use.
Yes,9
No,11
IS THE MACHINE A LONG-TERM INVESTMENT?
Within a couple of years most users will either have 16Mb of RAM or want it, and the 386SX RAM barrier will be restrictive.
Yes,10
No,14
WILL IT NEED TO RUN CAD OR LARGE SPREADSHEETS
If so, the 386 needs a maths coprocessor like the 80387 or the Weitek 3167. Some programs, such as Autodesk's AutoCad, actually require a coprocessor to be installed before they will run.
More,14
ADD A MATHS COPROCESSOR TO THE BUDGET
An Intel 80387 running at 25MHz costs around 180$; Cyrix and IIT clones can cost as little as 120$. A Weitek 3167 running at the same clock speed costs around 561$.
Yes,Con1
No,12
IS PRICE CRUCIAL?
This is most impotent at the entry level. The lowest price tags for 386-based PCs will be found on 16MHz 386 SX machines, but these are getting rarer. Most 386SX systems now use 25MHz or 33MHz chips.
Yes,Con2
No,Con3
IS EXTRA PERFORMANCE WORTH A FEW MORE POUNDS?
A 25MHz or 33MHz 386SX PC can cost a mere 100$ more than a 16MHz one, but offers much better performance. To get the best from these systems you will need a RAM cache, which costs more but pays off in speed terms
Yes,Con4
No,Con5
LOWEST POSSIBLE PRICE?
You can still cut costs to the bone with a 25MHz 386DX system by losing the RAM cache. The performance, however, might not be much better then a cached 20MHz 386SX.
Performance,4
Price,13
IS PRICE OR PERFORMANCE THE KEY ISSUE?
If price is important, but the SX route is impractical, then a 25MHz 386DX is a good - if scarce - choice. Today, the best deal for both price and performance in the DX market is the 33MHz 386DX with cache.
Y #4
N #13
N #13
N #13
N #13
N #13
N #13
N #13
ARE YOU LOOKING FOR A PC OR A NETWORK SERVER?
SERVER,2
Network servers require fast and powerful CPUs and disks and are intended to run special software. A stand-alone PC or a workstation are not intended to run multiuser applications and are more modest in hardware requirements.
SYSTEM BUS. ARE YOU LOOKING FOR FAST NETWORK PERFORMANCE?
PERFORMANCE,3
COST,con6
The system bus is the channel all the information in the computer passes through. The capacity of the bus determines the data exchange rate inside the computer. A 16-bit ISA bus slows down 32- bit 386DX and 486 microprocessors. A 32-bit EISA bus or MCA bus make full advantage of the 32-bit CPUs, though they are more expensive. Though network loads tend to increase rather than decrease over time, check whether the technological benefits of EISA or MCA outweigh the additional cost.
ARE YOU GOING TO RUN 32-BIT SOFTWARE?
YES,4
NO,con5
32-bit applications is a new era in the world of PCs. Though they are not very widespread at the moment, in the near future they will dominate the market. Powerful multitasking 32-bit operating systems (Unix, OS/2 2.0 and Windows NT) are the main contenders in this market.
WILL THE MACHINE RUN A NETWORK WITH MORE THAN 100 USERS?
YES,5
Running very large networks requires extremely fast processors.
ARE YOU ALSO GOING TO USE THE SERVER TO WORK WITH GRAPHICS?
YES,con1
NO,con2
You can use your computer as a non-dedicated LAN server thus providing an additional workplace. In this case if your tasks include operations with high resolution multi-color graphics images you need an advanced videosystem like SuperVGA. Otherwise you don't even need a color display and a VGA monochrome could be the best solution.
#Con1
CONCLUSION 1
Start New,1
Processor 486DX (or DX2)
Processor speed 40 MHz (60)
RAM 32 Mb
Cache Memory 128 Kb
Bus EISA
Videosystem SuperVGA - color
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 640 Mb SCSI-II
Software UNIX, OS/2, Windows NT
#Con2
CONCLUSION 2
Start New,1
Processor 486DX (or DX2)
Processor speed 40 MHz (60)
RAM 32 Mb
Cache Memory 128 Kb
Bus EISA
Videosystem VGA monochrome
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 640 Mb SCSI-II
Software UNIX, OS/2, NT Windows
ARE YOU ALSO GOING TO USE THE SERVER TO WORK WITH GRAPHICS?
YES,Con3
NO,Con4
You can use your computer as a non-dedicated LAN server thus providing an additional workplace. In this case if your tasks include operations with high resolution multi-color graphics images you need an advanced videosystem like SuperVGA. Otherwise you don't even need a color display and VGA monochrome could be the best solution.
#Con3
CONCLUSION 3
Start New,1
Processor 486DX
Processor speed 33 MHz
RAM 16 Mb
Cache Memory 64 Kb
Bus EISA
Videosystem SuperVGA - color
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 320 Mb SCSI-II
Software UNIX, OS/2, Windows NT
#Con4
CONCLUSION 4
Start New,1
Processor 486DX
Processor speed 33 MHz
RAM 16 Mb
Cache Memory 64 Kb
Bus EISA
Videosystem VGA monochrome
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 320 Mb SCSI-II
Software UNIX, OS/2, Windows NT
#Con5
CONCLUSION 5
Start New,1
Processor 486SX 386DX
Processor speed 20 MHz 25Mhz
RAM 4 Mb
Cache Memory 16 Kb 32 Kb
Bus EISA
Videosystem VGA - monochrome
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 320 Mb SCSI-II
Software NetWare, Unix, LANTASTIC..
#Con6
CONCLUSION 6
Start New,1
Processor 386SX
Processor speed 25 MHz
RAM 1 Mb
Cache Memory 16 Kb
Bus ISA
Videosystem VGA - monochrome
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 320 Mb IDE
Software NetWare, Peer-to-Peer..
WILL IT NEED TO RUN PROFESSIONAL APPLICATIONS?
YES,Con7
CAD/CAM packages, DTP packages, animators and 3-D graphics packages require a CPU starting from i386DX and a maths coprocessor.
#Con7
CONCLUSION 7
Start New,1
Processor 486SX 386DX
Processor speed 20 MHz 25Mhz
Maths Coprocessor 487 387
RAM 4 Mb
Cache Memory 32 Kb 64 Kb
Bus EISA
Videosystem SuperVGA color
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 320 Mb IDE
Software CAD/CAM, DTP, 3D graphics
ARE YOU GOING TO RUN MS WINDOWS?
YES,9
NO,Con10
Modern applications usually require at least 2 Mb of RAM. Good performance in a system running MS Windows applications can be achieved with RAM starting from 4 Mb and a 386SX processor.
ARE YOU GOING TO RUN MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE?
YES,con9
NO,10
Multimedia software combines interactive text with high resolution graphics, animations, video and digitized sound. To run such software you will have to equip your computer with a CD-ROM, SoundCard, powerful processor and considerable memory.
LOWEST POSSIBLE PRICE OR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE?
PERFORMANCE,con10
COST,con8
You can cut the costs of a 20MHz 386SX system by leaving out the cache memory. However, its performance may not be very high.
#Con8
CONCLUSION 8
Start New,1
Processor 386SX
Processor speed 20 MHz
RAM 2 Mb
Bus ISA
Videosystem VGA color
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 60 Mb IDE
Software Windows 3.1
#Con9
CONCLUSION 9
Start New,1
Processor 386SX
Processor speed 25 MHz
RAM 4 Mb
Cache Memory 32 Kb
Bus ISA
Videosystem SuperVGA color
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 120 Mb SCSI-2
CD-ROM Drive 150Kb/sec; access < 350 msec
SoundCard AdLib compatible
Software Windows 3.1 + MM extensions.
#Con10
CONCLUSION 10
Start New,1
Processor 386SX
Processor speed 20 MHz
RAM 4 Mb
Cache 16 Kb
Bus ISA
Videosystem VGA color
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 80 Mb IDE
Software Windows 3.1
#Con11
CONCLUSION 11
Start New,1
Processor 386SX 286
Processor speed 16 MHz 16 MHz
RAM 2 Mb
Bus ISA
Videosystem VGA color
Enhanced Keyboard US 101 Key
Serial Mouse MS Compatible
Hard Disk 40 Mb IDE
Software MS DOS 6.0
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MFM & RLL Standards
In the early 1980s "Seagate Technology" company introduced the ST506 hard disk. It was 5.25" in diameter and had capacity of 5 Mb and had the Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) standard implemented in the ST506 interface.
The ST506 interface had maximal data transmission rate of 5 Mb per second. This value, as for all disks, was limited by the disk rotation speed and the density of data storage. The greater the speed and the higher the density, the higher is the data transmission rate.
As all the 5.25 " hard disks, ST506 had the rotation speed of 60 rounds per second. It had 17 sectors per track and 512 byte sector size.
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.s, the number of sectors per track and the sector size.ent its size is usually 512 bytes.
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Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.'
Hard Disk gloss
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field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Capacity gloss
CAPACITY
the amount of information which can be stored on a storage medium, such as a disk, or can be transmitted as a single unit via a channel, for example bus. Storage capacity is usually measured in Kb and bus capacity in bits.
ST506 Interface gloss
ST506 INTERFACE
Modified Frequency Modulation - a standard of hard disk controllers. It was developed in 1981 by Seagate using the ST506/412 interface. These days it is rarely used by manufacturers.
Data Transmission Rate gloss
DATA TRANSMISSION RATE
speed of data transmission. Usually measured in bauds - bits per second.
Sector gloss
Sector gloss
SECTOR
a part of a disk track. It is the basic unit for reading and writing information to or from the disk. Its size is defined during the disk formatting, and stored in the Boot Sector of the disk. In the MS-DOS/Windows environment its size is usually 512 bytes.
Sector gloss
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Track gloss
Track gloss
TRACK
a circular area on the disk's surface which is used for keeping information. Tracks are divided into sectors. The capacity of a disk is determined by the number of tracks, the number of sectors per track and the sector size.
Track gloss
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Byte gloss
Byte gloss
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.
Byte gloss
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ESDI Standard
ESDI General
More about ESDI
ESDI Limitations
ESDI Interface Cablesss Restrictionsions of the ESDI Interface e
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As long ago as in 1983 manufacturers of disk drives and controllers were looking for a more reliable standard of a higher productivity than that of ST506. This time Maxtor introduced a new standard - the Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI). This standard provided enhanced productivity and could be used with optical disk drives.
ptical disk drives.
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More about ESDI
ESDI Limitations
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GlossaryTerm
OPTICAL DISK
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.
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Disk Drive gloss
Disk Drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.U
Disk Drive gloss
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Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.!
Optical Disk gloss
Optical Disk gloss
OPTICAL DISK
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.
Optical Disk gloss
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SCSI & IDE Standards
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is one of the most common standards in modern PCs. It is not a description of a hard disk controller, but rather a description of a bus, to which any device which supports the SCSI standard can be attached. It can be a hard disk drive, a streamer or an optical disk drive ( CD-ROM or WORM). The SCSI adaptor is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard.
The bus itself is a 50-wire cable intended for sequential attachment of up to 8 devices. The maximum length of the cable between the devices is up to 6 meters. Using a special technique it is possible to extend the cable length up to 25 meters.
The protocol of data transmission along the SCSI bus is asynchronous. However, hardware manufacturers can implement a synchronous protocol of data transmission without violating the standard.
ansmission without violating the standard.
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SCSI-I Standard Clients and Servers SCSI Instruction Set
SCSI-II Standard Lines of SCSI Interface
IDE Standard Phases of SCSI Operation
n Set
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SCSI-I Standard Clients and Servers
SCSI-II Standard
IDE Standard
Phases of SCSI Operation
n Set
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SCSI-I Standard
SCSI-II Standard
IDE Standard
Phases of SCSI Operation
hases of SCSI Operation
n Set
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GlossaryTerm
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.he bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.rer, a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.etc.
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SCSI gloss
Small Computer System Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. It is a modern interface which can be used with 32-bit processors - Intel 386 and Intel 486.
Hard Disk Controller gloss
Hard Disk Controller gloss
HARD DISK CONTROLLER
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the hard disk and the RAM via the system bus. It also generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
Hard Disk Controller gloss
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Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
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field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
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Disk Drive gloss
Disk Drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.).
Disk Drive gloss
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Streamer gloss
Streamer gloss
STREAMER
a device for storing information on tapes. Though it is slow, it can store large amounts of information. It is particularly useful for archiving.
Streamer gloss
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Optical Disk gloss
Optical Disk gloss
OPTICAL DISK
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.A4
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Optical Disk gloss
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CD-ROM gloss
CD-ROM gloss
CD-ROM
(Compact Disk - Read Only Memory) - the most widespread kind of optical disk. It resembles a standard audio CD, and can store up to 750 Mb of information, but once recorded by the manufacturer, a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.y7
CD-ROM gloss
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WORM gloss
WORM gloss
Write Once, Read Many - a kind of optical disk which can be written to the user but only once. I.e. once written information cannot be changed or deleted from the WORM.
WORM gloss
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Expansion Slot gloss
Expansion Slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
Expansion Slot gloss
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Motherboard gloss
Motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
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Motherboard gloss
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field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
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Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
Hardware gloss
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MFM & RLL Standards
In 1983, the IBM PC/XT was introduced. It had a 10 Mb hard disk with the ST506 interface and 100 ms access time. However, the data transmission rate was higher than the computer could accept. So the manufacturers had to decrease the rate down to 85 Kb per second.
In 1984, the IBM PC/AT appeared on the market. It had higher operating frequency than its ancestor. The ST506 interface was improved as well and achieved the data transmission rate of about 165 Kb per second. The disk access time was also improved up to 40 milliseconds.
After the introduction of the Intel 80386 microprocessor the ST506 interface turned out to be a drawback, as it couldn't provide the faster rate and 15-20 Ms access time acceptable to the new CPU.
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.up to 40 MHz.it is rarely used by manufacturers.
GlossaryDetail
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Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
Hard Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
ST506 Interface gloss
ST506 Interface gloss
ST506 INTERFACE
Modified Frequency Modulation - a standard of hard disk controllers. It was developed in 1981 by Seagate using the ST506/412 interface. These days it is rarely used by manufacturers.
ST506 Interface gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 215" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Access Time gloss
ACCESS TIME
a storage performance parameter, which shows the time used for data searching, reading and transmission from the storage device to the memory.
Data Transmission Rate gloss
DATA TRANSMISSION RATE
speed of data transmission. Usually measured in bauds - bits per second.
Disk Access gloss
DISK ACCESS
operations of reading from or recording to a disk.
80386 gloss
80386 gloss
80386
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.[
80386 gloss
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field "definition 255" of page "pc glossary F"
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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Hard Disk Controller
HOW TO CHOOSE A CONTROLLER
It's essential to match the speed of the controller and the drive and not to pay for performance you can't use. Slow controllers can seriously degrade performance of fast drives, but 32-bit bus-master controllers can't make slow drive any faster.
To take maximum advantage of IDE compatibilitty and SCSI flexibility and performance, consider using a small-capacity IDE drive to boot from, along with larger SCSI drives for storage. SCSI drives are faster if you do not boot from them, because SCSI controllers have to imitate the standard PC drive interface for compatibility when the drive is configured as a boot drive.
d PC drive interface for compatibility when the drive is configured as a boot drive.
Other important feature is disk caching, that allows the drive to effectively prefetch data when an application simultaneously accesses more than one file and considerably improves performance both in the DOS and Windows environments.
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Other important feature is disk cacheing, that allows the drive to effectively prefetch data when an application simultaneously accesses more than one file and considerably improves performance both in the DOS and Windows environments.
ly prefetch data when an application simultaneously accesses more than one file and considerably improves performance both in the DOS and Windows environments.
bility and performance, consider using a small-capacity IDE drive to boot from, along with larger SCSI drives for storage. SCSI drives are faster if you do not boot from them, because SCSI controllers have to imitate the standard PC drive interface for compatibility when the drive is configured as a boot drive.
Other important feature is disk caching, that allows the drive to effectively prefetch data when an application simultaneously accesses more than one file and considerably improves performance both in the DOS and Windows environments.
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GetGlossary("Application",45,3630,3735,5205)
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buttonUp
Application
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("File",1260,3975,5145,5190)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("DOS",300,3615,4665,5445)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Windows",1215,3480,5595,5430)
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Windows
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
WINDOWS
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.ating system.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc software sys os win
DETAILS
Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.
IDE gloss
IDE gloss
Integrated Drive Electronics - one of the most popular standards of hard disk controllers used in many models of PCs.
IDE gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 219" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
SCSI gloss
SCSI gloss
Small Computer System Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. It is a modern interface which can be used with 32-bit processors - Intel 386 and Intel 486.
SCSI gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
"detailPage
field "definition 218" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Interface gloss
INTERFACE
a system of agreements and rules for interaction and information exchange.
Disk gloss
Disk gloss
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.;$
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Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
j%detailPage
field "definition 57" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Application gloss
Application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
H'P(.
Application gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
d(detailPage
field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
File gloss
File gloss
a logical unit in data storage. It has its own name and is stored by the operating system as a distinct entity.
File gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
+detailPage
field "definition 80" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
DOS gloss
DOS gloss
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system. -
DOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
6.detailPage
field "definition 121" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Windows gloss
Windows gloss
WINDOWS
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.
Windows gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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\1detailPage
field "definition 460" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth cpu d
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MAIN PARAMETERS
:PHYSSIZE
Each processor operation is performed in accordance with the synchro signals generated by the clock generator. The higher the frequency the CPU can stand the more productive it is. Some processors can operate with the frequency higher than the one that can be provided by the clock generator. In this case they can be supplemented with a special unit that generates two synchro signals for each clock pulse. This mode is called the turbo mode and is used for running the CPU with enhanced productivity.
The CPU is connected with the RAM via the computer local bus. And in many respects the productivity of the whole system depends on the traffic rate of the bus since most of the CPU's time is spent on access to the RAM.
In order to pass the data between the registers and the ALU and to pass instructions and data addresses between the registers and the CU the CPU has its own internal bus. The capacity and therefore the traffic rate of this bus determine the productivity of the processor itself.
GetGlossary("RAM",3945,1335,9180,3540)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("
Zbus",3480,1545,8070,4005)
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local bus
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("traffic rate",4650,2040,9240,3120)
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buttonUp
traffic rate
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("register",5235,1425,9405,2775)
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register
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("ALU",3000,3255,7050,4320)
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buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("instruction",4695,3240,9465,4800)
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instruction
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("address",3600,3495,8130,5010)
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address
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
Data Pathath
Address Path
Internal Address Path
Internal Data Pathath
Control Unit
Registers
Clock Generator
GlossaryTerm
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location. more operands.ly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
is quite limited in its capacity.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
pc hardware su mth cpu e
DETAILS
clock generator gloss
clock generator gloss
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
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clock generator gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
r"detailPage
field "definition 31" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
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CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
turbo mode gloss
TURBO MODE
a mode of the CPU operation when it is supplied with an accelerated clock rate.
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
@)detailPage
field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
local bus gloss
local bus gloss
LOCAL BUS
a data exchange channel aimed at cutting down the congestion of information traveling between the internal PC devices (video local bus) or inside a PC unit (CPU internal bus).
local bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
F,detailPage
field "definition 543" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
traffic rate gloss
TRAFFIC RATE
speed of data transmission. Usually measured in bauds - bits per second.y-
register gloss
register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
register gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
/detailPage
field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
ALU gloss
ALU gloss
one of the main modules of the CPU. It performs the actual data processing.
ALU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
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.2detailPage
field "definition 199" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
address gloss
address gloss
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.
address gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
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B6detailPage
field "definition 462" of page "pc glossary J"
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:PHYSSIZE
INSIDE THE CPU
:PHYSSIZE
The CPU consists of the control unit (CU), the arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) and the registers. The registers are special memory cells where the CPU keeps instructions and data.
GetGlossary("arithmetic
logical unit",4470,1545,9345,2835)
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arithmetic and logical unit
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("register",3420,1800,6810,3330)
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register
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("instruction",3585,2070,7800,4245)
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instruction
GetGlossary
Some of the registers are used only for housekeeping purposes while the others can be used for the actual data processing. Special purpose registers support the operation of the CPU itself. The Instruction Point (IP) Register keeps the address of the next instruction to be executed, the command register keeps
GetGlossary("address",2745,3480,6735,5610)
buttonUp
buttonUp
address
GetGlossary
the current instruction etc. In the data registers the CPU stores data to be modified and the results of the operations.
The control unit (CU) is responsible for the operation of the CPU itself. It ensures and synchronizes the right sequence of CPU operations and provides the other components with instructions and data.
GetGlossary("CPU",4095,3750,8565,5535)
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GetGlossary
The ALU is responsible for execution of data processing instructions. It takes the instruction from the command register and performs the action it requires. All data inside CPU is transferred via the CPU internal bus.
GlossaryTerm
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.used to specify the location. more operands.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su mth cpu
DETAILS
arithmetic and logical gloss
ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT
one of the main modules of the CPU. It performs the actual data processing.
register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
address gloss
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.{
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth cpu f
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PROGRAM EXECUTIONNNN
A program is a sequence of instructions and the data that these instructions are apllied to. These data and instructions are kept in the internal computer memory as a sequence of bytes.
Processors have a small built-in memory that is fast and is called the registers. When a program is loaded for the execution by the operating system into the computer memory the CPU receives the address of the program's first byte (the program starting address) and stores it in the special register called the Instruction Point (IP) Register.
Then it gets an instruction from this address, stores it in a special register and executes it. The IP register then is set to the address of the next instruction to be executed, so the processor executes instruction after instruction until it executes a special stop command.
GetGlossary("IP register",5400,2835,8280,5715)
buttonUp
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IP register
GetGlossary
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded in to the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
'"ani_down"
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objectFromPoint(
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-- Start
playAni(
playSound("progexec.wav")
-- Stop
stopAni(
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buttonDown
buttonStillDown
buttonDown
ani_down
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ani_up
ani_up
playAni
progexec.wav
playSound
ani_up
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GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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pc hardware su mth cpu
DETAILS
GlossaryTerm
IP REGISTER
a special register of the CPU which keeps address of the next instruction to be executed. When a program is loaded for execution the CPU receives the address of the program's first byte (the program starting address) and stores it in the IP Register.rovides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
memory gloss
memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
detailPage
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2detailPage
field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
byte gloss
byte gloss
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.
byte gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
5detailPage
field "definition 25" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
register gloss
register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
register gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
l8detailPage
field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
operating system gloss
operating system gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
operating system gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
;detailPage
field "definition 124" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
\>detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
starting address gloss
STARTING ADDRESS
the address of the first byte of a program or data loaded in the memory.
IP register gloss
IP REGISTER
a special register of the CPU which keeps address of the next instruction to be executed. When a program is loaded for execution the CPU receives the address of the program's first byte (the program starting address) and stores it in the IP Register.
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 b
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Microprocessor i80x86
:PHYSSIZE
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Microprocessor i80x86
:PHYSSIZE
COPROCESSOR INTEL 80X87
Mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) are used to perform operations with floating point data. They employ a special set of instructions that support fast and effective processing of such data. The main processor can perform all these operation by itself, however, not that effectively. When the coprocessor is installed, the processor sends every floating point instruction to the coprocessor and receives the result from it.
Each type of microprocessors has a corresponding type of a coprocessor.
GetGlossary("coprocessor",3690,1965,8070,3540)
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coprocessor
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("instruction",2580,2685,7140,4125)
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instruction
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("microprocessor",4275,3270,8655,4605)
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microprocessor
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.on code and one or more operands.sing of such data.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
coprocessor gloss
COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.
instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
microprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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buttonUp
detailPage
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details
detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 d
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Microprocessor i80x86
:PHYSSIZE
INTEL 8086/8088
The Intel 8086 microprocessor, designed in 1978, was used in early PCs. It had 16-bit data, 20-bit address capacity and worked at 4.77 MHz clock rate.
GetGlossary("8086",4875,1605,9375,3210)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("microprocessor",4335,1845,9270,2985)
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microprocessor
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("address",3915,3285,8430,4650)
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address
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("clock rate",4980,3765,9120,5355)
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GetGlossary
A lower cost modification of the Intel 8086 - the Intel 8088, also had a 16-bit data bus but could transfer only 8 bits at a time. However, this chip was more popular than the 8086 and was used in most of IBM PC/XTs because the system bus of the XT model had the 8-bit capacity.
The clock rate of both the 8086 and 8088 was improved later on and reached 10-12 MHz.
Both of these microprocessors can run only MS-DOS and its applications.
GetGlossary("bus",3405,2460,7950,4020)
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buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Chip",2970,2670,7365,4260)
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buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("
Zbus",2400,2640,7830,4500)
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local bus
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("
",2160,4080,6915,5460)
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application
GetGlossary
8086 8088
Address capacity 1 Mb of memory space 1 Mb of memory space
Data capacity 16 16 internally : 8 externally
Speed up to 10 MHz up to 10 MHz
Performance up to 3.5 Mips up to 3.5 Mips
Application MS DOS MS DOSips
Application MS DOS MS DOS
GlossaryTerm
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.ternal bus). g of the size of a match-box.spread PC operating system.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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buttonUp
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pc software pack
DETAILS
8086 gloss
(Intel 8086, i8086) the first model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the first IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. It has 16-bit data and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.
microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
microprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
address gloss
address gloss
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.
address gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 462" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
clock rate gloss
clock rate gloss
CLOCK RATE
a frequency with which synchronizing pulses are generated by the clock generator. It is one of the main characteristics of the computer (in particular CPU) productivity.
clock rate gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
"detailPage
field "definition 247" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
bus gloss
bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
%detailPage
field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Chip gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
local bus gloss
local bus gloss
LOCAL BUS
a data exchange channel aimed at cutting down the congestion of information traveling between the internal PC devices (video local bus) or inside a PC unit (CPU internal bus).
local bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
*detailPage
field "definition 543" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
application gloss
application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
application gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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-detailPage
field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
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Microprocessor i80x86
:PHYSSIZE
INTEL 80286/8088
The Intel 80286 microprocessor was introduced in 1984 with the IBM PC/AT model. It was backward compatible with the 8086 and 8088 microprocessors. It supported multitasking (protected mode) and virtual memory management. It could use memory above 1 Mb and was used with a new 16-bit system bus of the ISA standard. It
It was equipped with the 80287 math coprocessor and special chips to support peripherals. Apart from faster running of the MS-DOS environment it can also run MS Windows in the 16-bit Standard mode.
the normal operating mode for running Windows, which provides access to extended memory and switching between Windows and non-Windows applications. capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.ating system.ck rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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80286 gloss
80286
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
8086 gloss
8086 gloss
(Intel 8086, i8086) the first model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the first IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. It has 16-bit data and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.m
8086 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
buttonUp
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field "definition 253" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
multitasking gloss
multitasking gloss
MULTITASKING
a mode of computer operation when two or more applications can be running simultaneously. In computers with a single processor, a special operating system has to control multitasking by sharing CPU time between applications.
multitasking gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 461" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
memory management gloss
memory management gloss
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
a distribution of memory space between tasks.?
memory management gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
detailPage
details
z!detailPage
field "definition 473" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
ISA standard gloss
ISA standard gloss
ISA STANDARD
Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of the system bus interface. It was designed to support the Intel 80286 microprocessor.
ISA standard gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
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details
`$detailPage
field "definition 249" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
math coprocessor gloss
math coprocessor gloss
MATH COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.]&
math coprocessor gloss
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field "definition 267" of page "pc glossary F"
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MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.
MS-DOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 121" of page "pc glossary C"
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MS Windows gloss
MS Windows gloss
MS WINDOWS
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.
MS Windows gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 460" of page "pc glossary J"
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Standard mode gloss
Standard mode gloss
STANDARD MODE
the normal operating mode for running Windows, which provides access to extended memory and switching between Windows and non-Windows applications.
Standard mode gloss
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Microprocessor i80x86
:PHYSSIZE
INTEL 80386DX and 386SX
The 386SX has enough power for running Windows applications in the Enhanced mode and can be used in powerful network workstations. The 386DX is a very powerful chip and can be used for running multiuser applications, DTP packages, CAD/CAM packages, multitasking operating systems (UNIX and OS/2) and can be used as a file server for Novell Netware.
GetGlossary("Windows",3105,2700,7650,4320)
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Windows
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GetGlossary("Enhanced mode",2115,2940,6825,4560)
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Enhanced mode
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GetGlossary("network",3690,3465,7590,4560)
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GetGlossary("multitasking operating
4",4320,4155,9375,5040)
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GetGlossary("UNIX",3090,4170,7215,5280)
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GetGlossary("OS/2",3930,3960,7710,5280)
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GetGlossary("File Server",4920,4125,8505,5205)
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Table
The 32-bit Intel 386DX was launched in 1985 and soon became popular due to its high performance and speed. Initially it had a clock rate of 16 MHz and later on it was advanced to 33 MHz. It has a 32-bit data and address path, supports multitasking protected mode, paged virtual storage and is backward compatible with its predecessors - the 8086 and 80286 microprocessors. The Intel 386 DX microprocessor can be used with an advanced system bus (MCA or EISA) with 32-bit data and address path.
A cheap modification of the i386DX, the i386SX, internally has a 32-bit path and is compatible with 386DX, but externally can transfer data only 16 bits at a time. The i386SX can be attached to the 16-bit ISA bus of AT computers thus improving their performance.
GetGlossary("386DX",1605,2055,6300,3450)
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GetGlossary("clock rate",2535,2295,7005,3630)
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clock rate
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GetGlossary("8086",1470,2775,5610,4395)
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GetGlossary("80286",1725,2775,6360,4635)
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80286
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GetGlossary("MCA Standard",4290,3015,8730,4620)
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MCA Standard
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GetGlossary("EISA Standard",1785,3015,6105,4365)
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EISA Standard
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GetGlossary("ISA Standard",2145,2610,6555,3735)
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ISA Standard
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table
386 DX 386 SX
Address capacity 32 bit : 4 Gb 32 internal and 24 external : 16 Mb
Data capacity 32 32 internal path and 16 external
Speed up to 33 MHz up to 40 MHz
Performance up to 12 Mips up to 4 Mips
Applications DTP and CAD/CAM packages, Windows 32-bit mode
multitasking OS, Novell file serveres, Windows 32-bit mode
multitasking OS, Novell file server..
GlossaryTerm
ISA STANDARD
Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of the system bus interface. It was designed to support the Intel 80286 microprocessor.f 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.roprocessors.Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
L":#b
GlossaryDetail
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Windows gloss
Windows gloss
WINDOWS
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.
B%J&"
Windows gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 460" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
Enhanced mode gloss
Enhanced mode gloss
ENHANCED MODE
a Windows operating mode which requires a PC equipped with the 80386 or higher microprocessor and with at least 2 Mb of memory. In the enhanced mode Windows supports memory paging and a CPU running in protected mode.
Enhanced mode gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 495" of page "pc glossary J"
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network gloss
network gloss
NETWORK
a series of points (computers and peripherals) connected by communication channels.
network gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
detailPage
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4,detailPage
field "definition 329" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
multitasking operating gloss
multitasking operating gloss
MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM
an operating system which enables several programs to run simultaneously.
multitasking operating gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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/detailPage
field "definition 434" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
UNIX gloss
UNIX gloss
a multi-user and multi-tasking scalable and portable operating system which can run both network servers and workstation.
UNIX gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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1detailPage
field "definition 531" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
OS/2 gloss
OS/2 gloss
a 32-bit multi-tasking operating system from IBM. The OS/2 LAN Requester/Server module supports LAN management under OS/2 control.Y3
l3t4[
OS/2 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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4detailPage
field "definition 530" of page "pc glossary K"
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File Server gloss
File Server gloss
FILE SERVER
a networking computer with huge disk storage which provides file sharing among network users. 6
"6*79
File Server gloss
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details
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>7detailPage
field "definition 433" of page "pc glossary I"
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386DX gloss
386DX
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.
clock rate gloss
clock rate gloss
CLOCK RATE
a frequency with which synchronizing pulses are generated by the clock generator. It is one of the main characteristics of the computer (in particular CPU) productivity.
clock rate gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 247" of page "pc glossary E"
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8086 gloss
8086 gloss
(Intel 8086, i8086) the first model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the first IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. It has 16-bit data and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.
8086 gloss
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field "definition 253" of page "pc glossary F"
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80286 gloss
80286 gloss
80286
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.i@
80286 gloss
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field "definition 254" of page "pc glossary F"
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MCA Standard gloss
MCA Standard gloss
MCA STANDARD
Micro Channel Architecture - a standard of system bus interface. It was introduced and implemented by IBM in the PS/2 family of PCs. It can support 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.
MCA Standard gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 250" of page "pc glossary F"
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EISA Standard gloss
EISA Standard gloss
EISA STANDARD
Extended Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of system bus interface. It was introduced for supporting advanced features of 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.
EISA Standard gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 251" of page "pc glossary F"
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ISA Standard gloss
ISA Standard gloss
ISA STANDARD
Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of the system bus interface. It was designed to support the Intel 80286 microprocessor.
ISA Standard gloss
objectFromPoint(
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Microprocessor i80x86
:PHYSSIZE
INTEL 80486DX and 486DX22
In 1989 Intel introduced the i486DX microprocessor which incorporates 1.2 million transistors, works twice as fast as the i386DX, has 8Kb of internal cache memory, built-in coprocessor and is fully compatible with the previous Intel models.
In 1991 a step further was made when the i486DX clock rate reached 50 MHz, thus doubling the performance. The 486DX2 modification operates at a clock rate of 66MHz. The i486DX microprocessor provides enhanced multitasking possibilities and supports memory semaphores and interaction between several RAM-cache blocks.
GetGlossary("cache memory",1635,2505,7140,3660)
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cache memory
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GetGlossary("coprocessor",4290,2505,9150,3900)
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GetGlossary("clock rate",1710,1620,6045,2985)
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This extremely powerful 32-bit microprocessor is capable of running very powerful file servers with multitasking operating systems (UNIX, OS/2 and Windows NT) and supports up to 250 users.
fileservers with up to 250 fileservers with up to 250ileservers with up to 250
GlossaryTerm
WINDOWS NT
a portable, scalable 32-bit multi-tasking operating system. It can address up to 4Gb of RAM and handle virtually unlimited amounts of disk space. Its interface looks very similar to Windows 3.1. Windows NT has a built-in LAN management module which can run an NT station as a non-dedicated server.
GlossaryDetail
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pc software sys os multi winnt
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cache memory gloss
cache memory gloss
CACHE MEMORY
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.
cache memory gloss
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field "definition 237" of page "pc glossary E"
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coprocessor gloss
coprocessor gloss
COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.
coprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 267" of page "pc glossary F"
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clock rate gloss
clock rate gloss
CLOCK RATE
a frequency with which synchronizing pulses are generated by the clock generator. It is one of the main characteristics of the computer (in particular CPU) productivity.
clock rate gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 247" of page "pc glossary E"
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multitasking gloss
multitasking gloss
MULTITASKING
a mode of computer operation when two or more applications can be running simultaneously. In computers with a single processor, a special operating system has to control multitasking by sharing CPU time between applications.3'
multitasking gloss
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field "definition 461" of page "pc glossary J"
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File Server gloss
File Server gloss
FILE SERVER
a networking computer with huge disk storage which provides file sharing among network users.
File Server gloss
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field "definition 433" of page "pc glossary I"
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multitasking operating gloss
multitasking operating gloss
MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM
an operating system which enables several programs to run simultaneously.
multitasking operating gloss
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field "definition 434" of page "pc glossary I"
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UNIX gloss
UNIX gloss
a multi-user and multi-tasking scalable and portable operating system which can run both network servers and workstation.
UNIX gloss
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OS/2 gloss
OS/2 gloss
a 32-bit multi-tasking operating system from IBM. The OS/2 LAN Requester/Server module supports LAN management under OS/2 control.E2
OS/2 gloss
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Windows NT gloss
Windows NT gloss
WINDOWS NT
a portable, scalable 32-bit multi-tasking operating system. It can address up to 4Gb of RAM and handle virtually unlimited amounts of disk space. Its interface looks very similar to Windows 3.1. Windows NT has a built-in LAN management module which can run an NT station as a non-dedicated server.
Windows NT gloss
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Microprocessor i80x86
:PHYSSIZE
INTEL 80486SXX and DX2
The Intel 80486SX is a cheap modification of the 486DX model. It doesn't have the built-in coprocessor and operates at a lower clock rate of up to 25 MHz. It can be regarded as an improved and more powerful version of the Intel 386DX.
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.PU) productivity.ory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.E
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486DX gloss
486DX gloss
486DX
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.A
486DX gloss
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field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
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clock rate gloss
clock rate gloss
CLOCK RATE
a frequency with which synchronizing pulses are generated by the clock generator. It is one of the main characteristics of the computer (in particular CPU) productivity.
clock rate gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 247" of page "pc glossary E"
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386DX gloss
386DX gloss
386DX
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.!
386DX gloss
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OverDrive & RapidCadd
OverDrive processors are new i486-like processors, based on the double rate technology. These processors are aimed to upgrade the existing systems, based on the i486sx, i486dx, and i486dx2 processors.
OverDrives are installed on the motherboard as ordinary coprocessors. They can both execute the floating-point computing, completely substitute the CPU and increase the productivity of the whole system for about 70 per cent.
The productivity increase is possible due to the implementation of the double rate technology when the chip runs with double frequency rate. The code and data cacheing considerably reduces the number of accesses to the system bus.
GetGlossary("OverDrive",1485,1740,6015,3135)
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GetGlossary("486SX",4350,2445,8550,3795)
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486SX
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GetGlossary("486dx",4590,2460,9240,4110)
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486dx
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GetGlossary("motherboard",4020,1590,9030,2940)
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GetGlossary("coprocessor",2370,1620,6990,3180)
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GetGlossary("CPU",2415,2565,7170,3660)
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GetGlossary("Chip",1920,3285,6135,4860)
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OVERDRIVE
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, extension slots, etc.
GlossaryTerm
486DX
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
GlossaryDetail
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OverDrive gloss
OVERDRIVE
a new i486-like processor, based on the double rate technology. These processors are aimed to upgrade existing systems, based on i486SX, i486DX, and i486DX2 microprocessors.
486SX gloss
486SX gloss
486SX
(Intel 80486SX, i80486SX) a cheap modification of the Intel 80486 microprocessor. It doesn't include the math coprocessor and has no internal cache.
486SX gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 257" of page "pc glossary F"
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486dx gloss
486dx gloss
486DX
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.K
486dx gloss
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field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
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motherboard gloss
motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
motherboard gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
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coprocessor gloss
coprocessor gloss
COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.
coprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
^$f%p
CPU gloss
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Chip gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.Po
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jumper gloss
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OverDrive & RapidCadd
OverDrives are easy to install and require no jumpers, switches or special software to configure the computer system. If the motherboard contains a socket for the i487 math coprocessor, the OverDrive is installed in this socket. If there is no additional socket, the OverDrive processor is installed instead of the CPU.
Different types of the i486 microprocessors (i486sx, i486dx and i486dx2) require different types of OverDrives chips.
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.tructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.
GlossaryDetail
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OverDrive gloss
OVERDRIVE
a new i486-like processor, based on the double rate technology. These processors are aimed to upgrade existing systems, based on i486SX, i486DX, and i486DX2 microprocessors.
DETAILS
OverDrive gloss
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field "definition 271" of page "pc glossary F"
OverDrive gloss
math coprocessor gloss
JUMPER
installed on a device card and is normally used to set device characteristics, such as a device operating mode, its logical number, etc.
math coprocessor gloss
CPU gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
motherboard gloss
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motherboard gloss
CPU gloss
MATH COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.
DETAILS
math coprocessor gloss
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field "definition 267" of page "pc glossary F"
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
DETAILS
CPU gloss
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OverDrive & RapidCadd
RAPIDCADD
To upgrade the performance of computers based on the i386dx microprocessor the RapidCad microprocessors (also manufactured by Intel Corp.) are used. The RapidCad chip is installed into the i387dx math coprocessor's socket.
The RapidCad-1 processor substitutes the Intel 386dx central processor. It comprises both the CPU and the floating-point computing unit. Such combination of processor and coprocessor in one chip speeds up the data transmission for math operation execution. The RapidCad-1 processor is more efficient, than the i386dx central processor. The improved floating-point computing block increases the efficiency of such operations for 65 per cent, as compared with the i387dx math coprocessor.
The RapidCad-2 is intended to replace the math coprocessor (i387) in the standard i386dx processor-based architectures.
Usually RapidCads are used to increase the performance of CAD systems.
GetGlossary("CAD package",2280,3900,7065,5520)
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GlossaryTerm
CAD PACKAGE
Computer-Aided Design - special software which supports all stages of engineering and design. CADs integrate traditional applications, such as databases, text editors and spreadsheets with 3D computer graphics and powerful modeling tools.
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RapidCad gloss
RAPIDCAD
a new i386-like processor aimed to upgrade existing systems, based on i386 microprocessors.
math coprocessor gloss
math coprocessor gloss
MATH COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.
math coprocessor gloss
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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CAD package gloss
CAD package gloss
CAD PACKAGE
Computer-Aided Design - special software which supports all stages of engineering and design. CADs integrate traditional applications, such as databases, text editors and spreadsheets with 3D computer graphics and powerful modeling tools.
CAD package gloss
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OverDrive & RapidCadd
CHARACTERISTICS OF RAPIDCAD
RapidCad characteristics are the following:
- it is compatible with the i386dx processor and the i387dx math coprocessor,
- the CPU and the floating-point computing unit have the same flint base,
- the processor is tested for the clock rates of 16, 20, and 33 MHz,
- it is compatible with standard PC AT, IBM PS/2 architectures, based on the i386dx processor,
- RapidCad-1 is manufactured in a 132-pinned case with the matrix pin layout (PGA),
RapidCad-2 is manufactured in 68-pinned case with the matrix pin layout (PGA).
a frequency with which synchronizing pulses are generated by the clock generator. It is one of the main characteristics of the computer (in particular CPU) productivity.nd effective processing of such data.
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RapidCad gloss
RapidCad gloss
RAPIDCAD
a new i386-like processor aimed to upgrade existing systems, based on i386 microprocessors.
RapidCad gloss
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field "definition 272" of page "pc glossary F"
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math coprocessor gloss
math coprocessor gloss
MATH COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.1
math coprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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clock rate gloss
clock rate gloss
CLOCK RATE
a frequency with which synchronizing pulses are generated by the clock generator. It is one of the main characteristics of the computer (in particular CPU) productivity.
clock rate gloss
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microprocessor gloss
Pentium gloss
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Pentium
The name of the new microprocessor is of interest by itself. Instead of planned P5 (or i586) it was named the Pentium. The reason is that in the U.S.A. the products that have figures in the name are not subject to copyright protection.
There is also another reason: all the previous microprocessors manufactured by Intel Corp. had figures in their names. To stress that the new microprocessor is of an entirely new stream the new type of name (without digits) was adopted.
GetGlossary("microprocessor",4650,2130,8925,3525)
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GetGlossary("Pentium",3405,2610,8265,3735)
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:PHYSSIZE
WHAT'S BEHIND THE NAME ?
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
PENTIUM
the latest model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It can operate with the clock rate up to 100 MHz.ntrols operation of the entire computer system.
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microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
DETAILS
microprocessor gloss
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PENTIUM
the latest model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It can operate with the clock rate up to 100 MHz.
DETAILS
Pentium gloss
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Pentium
Pentium is the most powerful microprocessor of the Intel family and one of the best in its class in the world. It maintains compatibility with the other Intel microprocessors and thus can run all the software written for the PCs.
Pentium is designed using 0.8 micron BiCMOS technology that permits to reach a high density of transistors and combine high speed BiCMOS technology with low consuming CMOS. The designers have managed to place 3.1 million transistors on a 2.16 square inch chip with 273 pins. The maximum on-chip power consumption is 13 Watt.
GetGlossary("microprocessor",4800,2145,9165,3525)
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GetGlossary("Intel family",4290,2145,8625,3285)
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GetGlossary("software",1515,3105,6690,5205)
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GetGlossary("BiCMOS",1755,1530,6405,3585)
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PERFORMANCE
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GlossaryTerm
(Complementary Metallic Oxide Conductor) - a technology of IC manufacturing. CMOS chips run on very little power. They are used as non-volatile memory, fed from the internal PC accumulator or batteries.nd considerable increases in the number of electronic components inside the integrated circuit.s (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system._
microprocessor gloss
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Intel family gloss
Intel family gloss
INTEL FAMILY
a range of Intel microprocessors - 8086...80486 and Pentium which are used in all IBM PC compatible microcomputers.
Intel family gloss
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software gloss
software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
software gloss
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BiCMOS gloss
BICMOS
a technology for bipolar transistor-based integrated circuits manufactured since the 70s. The BiCMOS transistor has a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor structure. This technology permitted reduction in cost and considerable increases in the number of electronic components inside the integrated circuit.
CMOS gloss
(Complementary Metallic Oxide Conductor) - a technology of IC manufacturing. CMOS chips run on very little power. They are used as non-volatile memory, fed from the internal PC accumulator or batteries.
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Memory;
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
Random access memory (RAM) is the main type of computer internal memory. It can store data only when the computer is switched on. That's why it can't be used as a long-term storage. Information stored in RAM can be rewritten at any time, if necessary.
Before running, all programs, except those stored in ROM, are to be put into RAM because it is the only kind of memory the processor can work with directly. After the program is finished, RAM can be loaded with another program or data.
GetGlossary("memory",1860,1680,7200,3525)
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GetGlossary("ROM",1860,1950,5865,3360)
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GetGlossary("processor",3210,2415,7935,3600)
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RAM capacity and access time are the most important characteristics that determine a computer performance.
RAM is based on DRAM microchips that are located on the motherboard.
GetGlossary("access
I",1680,3435,6840,4545)
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GetGlossary("DRAM Chip",1590,3465,7650,5265)
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GetGlossary("motherboard",2100,3885,6885,5265)
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GlossaryTerm
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc. process is called "dynamic memory regeneration" and is performed by a special controller mounted on the motherboard. These chips are used for the RAM implementation.trol over the computer and runs.
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memory gloss
memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
memory gloss
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ROM gloss
ROM gloss
Read-Only Memory - a type of the memory which can be read from but not modified. ROM stores information even when the power supply is switched off.
ROM gloss
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processor gloss
processor gloss
PROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
processor gloss
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access time gloss
ACCESS TIME
a storage performance parameter, which shows the time used for data searching, reading and transmission from the storage device to the memory.
DRAM Chip gloss
DRAM CHIP
Dynamic Random Access Memory - memory chips of large capacity, which use recharge of p-n transition for their operation. When working, these chips periodically require regeneration. This process is called "dynamic memory regeneration" and is performed by a special controller mounted on the motherboard. These chips are used for the RAM implementation.
motherboard gloss
motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
motherboard gloss
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Memory9
Read-only memory (ROM) is a section of internal memory, the contents of which, once written, remains unchanged throughout the computer's exploitation lifetime. ROM can be compared to a record, which one may listen many times, but cannot re-record. The contents of ROM is safe even when the computer is suddenly switched off. Therefore, programs, contained in ROM, are protected in an emergency.
ROM is used for storing the most important programs that are crucial for the running of the system itself: the computer's autotesting programs, BIOS interrupts, drivers of various peripheral devices, ASCII symbol images etc.
There are two kinds of ROM microchips. Non-programmable ROM chips can be recorded only once during the process of manufacturing. Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM) chips can be rewritten many times by using special equipment.
- Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory - a kind of ROM which can be rewritten by using special equipment.This standard is the main standard in PC computers.m loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
internal memory gloss
internal memory gloss
INTERNAL MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
internal memory gloss
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program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.S
BIOS interrupt gloss
BIOS interrupt gloss
BIOS INTERRUPT
an interrupt processed by a corresponding BIOS interrupt routine.
BIOS interrupt gloss
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Driver gloss
Driver gloss
DRIVER
A routine with low-level device specific code which hides hardware implementation from the higher-level software.
Driver gloss
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peripheral device gloss
PERIPHERAL DEVICE
a device which can be attached to the PC. The most often used peripheral devices are printers, modems, scanners etc.
ASCII gloss
ASCII gloss
ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) a table of one-byte codes for characters and symbols. This standard is the main standard in PC computers.
ASCII gloss
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EPROM gloss
EPROM
- Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory - a kind of ROM which can be rewritten by using special equipment.
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Memory[
Shadow memory is used to improve the performance of BIOS subroutines that are stored on the ROM expansion cards, for example on the video adaptor. Many cards with the BIOS extension support the data exchange with the CPU via an 8-bit bus. As a result the access to these memory areas takes more time than to the 32-bit RAM.
To speed up the access the BIOS routines are copied from the ROM expansion cards into the fast 32-bit RAM. After this each access to the ROM is replaced by the RAM. The speed of execution of the BIOS subroutines is increased by more than four times.
GetGlossary("Shadow memory",2760,1785,7200,2940)
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GetGlossary("BIOS",3270,2025,7365,3180)
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GetGlossary("Video Adaptor",2760,1785,7200,2940)
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GetGlossary("CPU",2760,2985,7680,4125)
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GetGlossary("bus",4410,2985,9120,4560)
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GetGlossary("RAM",3495,3465,8925,5340)
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RAM SHADOW MEMORY
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
To speed up the access the BIOS routines are copied from the ROM expansion cards into the fast 32-bit RAM. After this each access to the ROM is replaced by the RAM. The speed of execution of the BIOS subroutines is increased by more than four times.t the access to these memory areas takes more time than to the 32-bit RAM.
To speed up the access the BIOS routines are copied from the ROM expansion cards into the fast 32-bit RAM. After this each access to the ROM is replaced by the RAM. The speed of execution of the BIOS subroutines is increased by more than four times.
GetGlossary("ROM",2715,3240,7890,4425)
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Shadow memory gloss
SHADOW MEMORY
a RAM area where BIOS routines are copied from the ROM BIOS expansion cards for speeding up the access rate.
BIOS gloss
BIOS gloss
Basic Input/Output System - ROM-based firmware which mainly is responsible for physical access to PC units and devices.
BIOS gloss
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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bus gloss
bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
bus gloss
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field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
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RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
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ROM gloss
ROM gloss
Read-Only Memory - a type of the memory which can be read from but not modified. ROM stores information even when the power supply is switched off.
ROM gloss
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Video Adaptor gloss
Video Adaptor gloss
VIDEO ADAPTOR
a card which performs image formation and sends it to the monitor. It is usually implemented as a separate expansion board. There are several types of video adaptors, differing in the level of resolution and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.e limited in its capacity.
Video Adaptor gloss
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GlossaryTerm
VIDEO ADAPTOR
a card which performs image formation and sends it to the monitor. It is usually implemented as a separate expansion board. There are several types of video adaptors, differing in the level of resolution and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.e limited in its capacity.
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Memory
Apart from the cache memory there are two more techniques used in modern PCs for boosting the memory performance.
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Paged Memory Technique
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Paged Memory Technique
Memory Banks
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Memory Banks
PAGED MODE & MEMORY BANKS
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Paged memory technique
Paged memory technique
The memory is divided into sections i.e. pages. The work with these sections is identical to that with the cache memory. This approach is based on special RAM chips that are arranged into the pages. It is referred to as page-mode access. Starting from the i386 microprocessor the page mode access has a hardware support.. a hardware support.
memory banks
Memory banks
This memory organization has much in common with paged RAM and referred to as interleaved memory. It substantially increases the RAM access rate due to the fact that the processor does not wait for the end of the DRAM regeneration cycle. With this technology the whole RAM is divided into several memory banks. Neighboring bytes are saved in different banks. To read the complete byte sequence the microprocessor accesses recurrently all the banks one by one. While one bank is accessed the others have regeneration cycles thus eliminating the need for the wait state of the microprocessor..r the wait state of the
microprocessor.
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
CACHE MEMORY
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.RAM.
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cache memory gloss
cache memory gloss
CACHE MEMORY
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.
cache memory gloss
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Memory
THE BASIC DOS MEMORY
The i8088 microprocessor could address not more than 1Mb of RAM. Some of this space was allocated to the operating system. The rest of the 640Kb was the maximum space the CPU could operate with for the program execution. This memory is referred to as the basic PC memory.
The advanced processors, e.g. 286, 386 and 486, can address more than 1Mb. However if they run programs that were written for MS-DOS they can't take advantage of the memory above 1Mb. In this case they need to use real addressing mode that is compatible with MS-DOS programs.
GetGlossary("RAM",3390,2520,8715,4350)
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GetGlossary("operating
4",4500,2520,9255,3915)
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GetGlossary("CPU",3540,3000,7830,4380)
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GetGlossary("286",2565,1665,7365,3480)
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GetGlossary("386",3210,2145,7605,3480)
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GetGlossary("486",3255,1860,8220,3480)
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GetGlossary("MS-DOS",3795,2115,8955,3960)
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:PHYSSIZE
To provide compatibility with the earlier PCs all modern models support the principles of memory organization that were implemented in the first PCs.
Currently there are combined hardware/software solutions for overcoming the 640KB and 1Mb limitations: extended memory, expanded memory and Microsoft HIMEM area.
the first 64 Kb of memory placed above the 1 Mb zone. A special feature of the HIMEM is that these 64 K byte can be accessed in the real addressing mode by the CPU by means of a special driver. The HIMEM driver moves a part of DOS code from 1Mb area there and makes the 64 Kb in RAM available for other programs.evel of 1Mb thus expanding the DOS memory space.he user.
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RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
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operating system gloss
operating system gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
operating system gloss
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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286 gloss
286 gloss
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
286 gloss
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386 gloss
386 gloss
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.
386 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 255" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
486 gloss
486 gloss
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
486 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.
$,,-\
MS-DOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
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@-detailPage
field "definition 121" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
hardware gloss
hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
hardware gloss
objectFromPoint(
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/detailPage
field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
software gloss
software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
software gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
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extended memory gloss
extended memory gloss
EXTENDED MEMORY
RAM addresses above the limit of 1Mb are referred to as extended memory.
extended memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
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d6detailPage
field "definition 76" of page "pc glossary B"
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expanded memory gloss
expanded memory gloss
EXPANDED MEMORY
EMS (Expanded Memory Specification) or LIM (Lotus, Intel and Microsoft designers). It is an expansion card installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. The expanded memory may be of special value because in contrast to the extended or the HIMEM memory it makes use of the addresses below the level of 1Mb thus expanding the DOS memory space.
expanded memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
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*:detailPage
field "definition 73" of page "pc glossary B"
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HIMEM gloss
HIMEM gloss
HIMEM
the first 64 Kb of memory placed above the 1 Mb zone. A special feature of the HIMEM is that these 64 K byte can be accessed in the real addressing mode by the CPU by means of a special driver. The HIMEM driver moves a part of DOS code from 1Mb area there and makes the 64 Kb in RAM available for other programs.
HIMEM gloss
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field "definition 239" of page "pc glossary E"
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Memory
EXTENDED MEMORY PPPP
:PHYSSIZE
RAM addresses above the limit of 1Mb are referred to as extended memory. When the i286 microprocessor operates as the 8088 microprocessor (e.g. in the real addressing mode) it cannot gain access to this memory. To take advantage of the extended memory there is a special mode - protected. The i286 doesn't have a straightforward way to switch from the protected mode back to the real mode. This switching demands additional operations and thus takes much time. Due to this reason until recently the extended memory was used mainly for input/output devices buffers and for virtual disks.
The i386 microprocessor is physically capable of addressing up to 4 Gb of memory as it has 32-bit address bus. However the MS-DOS operating system which provides compatibility with the earlier programs still can't address more than 1Mb. Other operating systems, for example OS/2 or UNIX, don't have this limitation and can use up to 16Mb. However to run programs written for MS-DOS they need to switch to the real mode with the 1Mb limitation.
GetGlossary("386",270,3165,4395,4515)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("memory",3120,2460,7980,4515)
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memory
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("MS-DOS",2310,2640,7155,4755)
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MS-DOS
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("OS/2",3360,3855,8145,4995)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("UNIX",4710,3885,8910,4995)
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GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
a multi-user and multi-tasking scalable and portable operating system which can run both network servers and workstation. control.her with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.tors, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc software sys os multi unix
DETAILS
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
extended memory gloss
EXTENDED MEMORY
RAM addresses above the limit of 1Mb are referred to as extended memory.
286 gloss
286 gloss
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
286 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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detailPage
field "definition 254" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
input/output device gloss
input/output device gloss
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICE
a term covering all external computer units and peripheral devices which send data to the computer (input) and/or receives it (output). Some of them can do both of the operations. Input devices include the keyboard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.
input/output device gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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#detailPage
field "definition 96" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
386 gloss
386 gloss
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.
386 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
buttonUp
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details
&detailPage
field "definition 255" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
memory gloss
memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.
MS-DOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
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-detailPage
field "definition 121" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
OS/2 gloss
OS/2 gloss
a 32-bit multi-tasking operating system from IBM. The OS/2 LAN Requester/Server module supports LAN management under OS/2 control.
OS/2 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 530" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
UNIX gloss
UNIX gloss
a multi-user and multi-tasking scalable and portable operating system which can run both network servers and workstation.
UNIX gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 531" of page "pc glossary K"
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Memory
HIMEM
The memory area referred to as the HIMEM comprises the first 64Kb of memory above the 1Mb zone. A special feature of the HIMEM is that these 64Kb can be accessed in the real addressing mode.
A part of DOS code is moved from 1Mb area to the HIMEM which frees 64Kb in the RAM to be used by other programs.
GetGlossary("memory",1815,1665,6945,3735)
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memory
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("DOS",1890,3105,6810,5190)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("RAM",3750,3345,8820,5475)
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GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
b in RAM available for other programs.
GlossaryDetail
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pc hardware su mth mem d
DETAILS
memory gloss
memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
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detailPage
field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
DOS gloss
DOS gloss
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.q
DOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 121" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
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pc hardware su mth mem k
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Memory{
EXPANDED MEMORY PPPP
Expanded memory is often referred to as EMS (Expanded Memory Specification) or LIM (Lotus, Intel and Microsoft designers). It is an expansion card that is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Expanded memory may be of special value because in contrast to extended or HIMEM memory it makes use of the addresses below the level of 1Mb thus providing the opportunity of using it with 8086/88-based computers.
Expanded memory implements the memory bank switching technique. The CPU uses large memory space via a window of 640 Kb. It works with one bank at a time. For the majority of expansion cards the address zone is within the range of D000h - E000h. The EMS memory is logically divided into sections of 16Kb called pages. The pages do not intersect. Expanded memory boards have special hardware support for such memory access.
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.peration of the entire computer system. and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.moves a part of DOS code from 1Mb area there and makes the 64 Kb in RAM available for other programs.thus expanding the DOS memory space.emory space.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware
DETAILS
Expanded memory gloss
EXPANDED MEMORY
EMS (Expanded Memory Specification) or LIM (Lotus, Intel and Microsoft designers). It is an expansion card installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. The expanded memory may be of special value because in contrast to the extended or the HIMEM memory it makes use of the addresses below the level of 1Mb thus expanding the DOS memory space.
EMS gloss
EMS (Expanded Memory Specification) or LIM (Lotus, Intel and Microsoft designers). It is an expansion card installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. The expanded memory may be of special value because in contrast to the extended or the HIMEM memory it makes use of the addresses below the level of 1Mb thus expanding the DOS memory space.
LIM gloss
EMS (Expanded Memory Specification) or LIM (Lotus, Intel and Microsoft designers). It is an expansion card installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. The expanded memory may be of special value because in contrast to the extended or the HIMEM memory it makes use of the addresses below the level of 1Mb thus expanding the DOS memory space.
expansion card gloss
expansion card gloss
EXPANSION CARD
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.{
expansion card gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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buttonUp
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detailPage
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field "definition 74" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
expansion slot gloss
expansion slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
expansion slot gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
#detailPage
field "definition 75" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
motherboard gloss
motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
motherboard gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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detailPage
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&detailPage
field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
HIMEM gloss
HIMEM gloss
HIMEM
the first 64 Kb of memory placed above the 1 Mb zone. A special feature of the HIMEM is that these 64 K byte can be accessed in the real addressing mode by the CPU by means of a special driver. The HIMEM driver moves a part of DOS code from 1Mb area there and makes the 64 Kb in RAM available for other programs.
HIMEM gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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"*detailPage
field "definition 239" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
8086 gloss
8086 gloss
(Intel 8086, i8086) the first model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the first IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. It has 16-bit data and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.
8086 gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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details
6-detailPage
field "definition 253" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
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0detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
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hardware gloss
hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
hardware gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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2detailPage
field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth tmr a
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Timer 8253
8253 OPERATION
The 8253 timer microchip has three programmable channels with three registers: an 8-bit input/output register, a 16-bit latch register and a 16-bit counter register.
The divisor is accepted via the input/output register and is copied to the counter register. Then the contents of the counter is decremented by 1 after each pulse of the clock generator. When it reaches the zero, the channel generates the pulse and waits for the next pulse to generate.
Each channel has two input lines. Through one of them the pulses from the clock generator are passed to the timer channel. The second line ( the gate ) is used for accepting the signal that switches on or off the generation of the output pulse by the channel.put pulse by the channel.
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.asurement by the calendar service of the operating system.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
Timer gloss
Timer gloss
TIMER
a unit which is installed on the motherboard and generates signals in certain (programmed) time intervals. In particular, these signals are used for time measurement by the calendar service of the operating system.
Timer gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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'detailPage
field "definition 175" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Register gloss
Register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
Register gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
Clock Generator gloss
Clock Generator gloss
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
Clock Generator gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 31" of page "pc glossary A"
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pc hardware su mth tmr b
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Timer 8253
TIMER CHANNELS
The channel 0 (OUT0) generates an interrupt signal (IRQ0) with the frequency of 18.2 Hz. This is used by the watch and the calendar service of the operating system. This channel is programmed by BIOS during the boot of the operating system and generates signals about 18.2 times per second.
Each signal initiates a timer interrupt. Counting these interrupts, the operating system measures time and date. Signals of the channel 0 are also used for some of the disk operations.
hannel 1 (OUT1) generates a 15-microsecond signal that controls the SRAM chips regeneration. Signals from this line put into operation the circuit of the main memory contents regeneration.
The channel 2 (OUT2) generates a programmable frequency signal that is send to the speaker and is used for sound generation. The channel 2 can be also used for other purposes.other purposes.
The channel 2 (OUT2) generates a programmable frequency signal that is sent to the speaker to be used for sound generation. The channel 2 can be also used for other purposes.. is programmed by BIOS during boot of the operating system and generates signals about 18.2 times per second. Each signal initiates the timer interrupt. Counting these interruptions, the operating system measures the time and date. Signals of the channel 0 are also used for some of the disk operations.
The channel 1 (OUT1) generates a 15-microsecond signal that controls the SRAM chips regeneration. Signals from this line put into operation the circuit of the main memory contents regeneration.
The channel 2 (OUT2) generates a programmable frequency signal that is send to the speaker and is used for sound generation. The channel 2 can be also used for other purposes.other purposes.
GetGlossary("Speaker",4875,3990,8340,5220)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Speaker
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
The channel 1 (OUT1) generates a 15-microsecond signal that controls the SRAM chips regeneration. Signals from this line put into operation the circuit of the main memory contents regeneration.
ring boot of the operating system and generates signals about 18.2 times per second. Each signal initiates a timer interrupt. Counting these interruptions, the operating system measures time and date. Signals of the channel 0 are also used for some of the disk operations.
The channel 1 (OUT1) generates a 15-microsecond signal that controls the SRAM chips regeneration. Signals from this line put into operation the circuit of the main memory contents regeneration.
The channel 2 (OUT2) generates a programmable frequency signal that is send to the speaker and is used for sound generation. The channel 2 can be also used for other purposes.other purposes.
GetGlossary("SRAM Chips",4185,2580,9450,4365)
buttonUp
buttonUp
SRAM Chips
GetGlossary
GlossaryTerm
SRAM CHIPS
Static Random Access Memory - memory chips which do not require dynamic memory regeneration as the DRAMs. These microchips operate faster but have less capacity, considerable power consumption and are 4-5 times as expensive as the DRAM chips. They are usually used for the cache memory implementation.ed in the BIOS.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su mth mem c
DETAILS
Interrupt gloss
Interrupt gloss
INTERRUPT
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
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n%detailPage
field "definition 545" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
IRQ0-IRQ7 gloss
IRQ0-IRQ7 gloss
IRQ0-IRQ7
a priority of hardware interrupt request. Every hardware interrupt has its own IRQ number that defines the order in which the interrupts are processed. IRQ number corresponds to a certain pin of interrupt controller chip. The interrupt controller has eight IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
IRQ0-IRQ7 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 551" of page "pc glossary L"
DETAILS
Operating System gloss
Operating System gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
Operating System gloss
objectFromPoint(
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,detailPage
field "definition 124" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
BIOS gloss
BIOS gloss
Basic Input/Output System - ROM-based firmware which mainly is responsible for physical access to PC units and devices.
BIOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
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.detailPage
field "definition 16" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Timer gloss
Timer gloss
TIMER
a unit which is installed on the motherboard and generates signals in certain (programmed) time intervals. In particular, these signals are used for time measurement by the calendar service of the operating system.
Timer gloss
objectFromPoint(
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1detailPage
field "definition 175" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Disk gloss
Disk gloss
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.]3
Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
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4detailPage
field "definition 57" of page "pc glossary B"
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Speaker gloss
Speaker gloss
SPEAKER
an built-in speaker of the PC. It is very simple, quiet and has a very restricted frequency range.
Speaker gloss
objectFromPoint(
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buttonUp
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67detailPage
field "definition 276" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
SRAM Chips gloss
SRAM Chips gloss
SRAM CHIPS
Static Random Access Memory - memory chips which do not require dynamic memory regeneration as the DRAMs. These microchips operate faster but have less capacity, considerable power consumption and are 4-5 times as expensive as the DRAM chips. They are usually used for the cache memory implementation.
SRAM Chips gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 56" of page "pc glossary B"
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Speaker
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The main principle of any loud speaker operation is the transformation of the electric current oscillations into oscillations of a membrane. This transformation is carried out by the electromagnet. The membrane oscillations generate the sound.
Frequency of the current determines the frequency of the membrane oscillations, i.e. the sound pitch. The speaker control scheme permits to control only the pitch of the sound. This can be done by programming the transmission of current pulses to the loud speaker. If the pulses follow with the frequency of 300 pulses per second, the loud speaker generates sound with the frequency of 300 Hz.300
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GlossaryTerm
SPEAKER
an built-in speaker of the PC. It is very simple, quiet and has a very restricted frequency range.
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Speaker gloss
Speaker gloss
SPEAKER
an built-in speaker of the PC. It is very simple, quiet and has a very restricted frequency range.
Speaker gloss
objectFromPoint(
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buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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#detailPage
field "definition 276" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
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Speaker
SPEAKER CONTROL
There are two ways to generate sound for the internal PC speaker. The first way is by getting the CPU control over the speaker. To produce the sound the program has to set the pulses on the speaker control scheme with a required frequency during some interval of time. Herewith the program checks the time and generates the pulses for the loud speaker. Using this method the program fully engages the CPU with sound generation and the computer can't do anything else.
The second way to generate sound makes use of the programmed timer. The timer can generate a signal after skipping a number of pulses of the system clock generator. Setting this number in the timer, one can obtain the required frequency of the timer signals. The system clock generator operates at the frequency of 1.19 MHz, and if the timer is programed for 10000 pulses delay it generates the signals approximately 100 times per second. These signals are sent to the loud speaker and produce the sound of the required frequency. This method of sound generation permits the CPU to carry out another job and the computer can, for example, show animated images on the screen simultaneously with the sound.d.e sound.h the
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.tem loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs..
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
pc hardware su mth clck
DETAILS
Speaker gloss
Speaker gloss
SPEAKER
an built-in speaker of the PC. It is very simple, quiet and has a very restricted frequency range.
Speaker gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 276" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
Programmed Timer gloss
PROGRAMMED TIMER
a PC unit installed on the motherboard and used to generate interrupts at particular intervals.
Clock Generator gloss
Clock Generator gloss
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
Clock Generator gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 31" of page "pc glossary A"
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pc hardware su mth spk c
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pc hardware su ds
Speaker
Unfortunately neither MS-DOS nor BIOS provide the means to control the speaker. The speaker operation can be controlled by a program that works directly with ports of the programmed timer. The frequency of the generated sound is set by the divisor value of channel 2 of the timer. Presence or absence of the sound is determined by the register contents of port B of the Programmed Timer Interface circuit - PPI 8255 (address 00061h). Setting two minor registers to 1 turns the speaker on, while setting them to 0 - turns it off. It is shown in the figure that the signal comes to the speaker from the 74LS38 chip of the timer via the amplifying circuit 75477.
Reprogramming of the timer frequency allows the computer to generate different sounds, music and even human speech (of a poor quality). The range of the generated sound frequency depends on the programming tools.g tools.ls.ls..ls..amming tools.
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS gloss
MS-DOS
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.
MS-DOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 121" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
BIOS gloss
BIOS gloss
Basic Input/Output System - ROM-based firmware which mainly is responsible for physical access to PC units and devices.
BIOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
"detailPage
field "definition 16" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Speaker gloss
Speaker gloss
SPEAKER
an built-in speaker of the PC. It is very simple, quiet and has a very restricted frequency range.
Speaker gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
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field "definition 276" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
Port gloss
Port gloss
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
)detailPage
field "definition 135" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Programmed Timer gloss
Programmed Timer gloss
PROGRAMMED TIMER
a PC unit installed on the motherboard and used to generate interrupts at particular intervals.
L+T,:
Programmed Timer gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
h,detailPage
field "definition 143" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Register gloss
Register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
Register gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
Chip gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
sys os bas s f d
pc hardware su mth cpu a
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pc hardware su mth cpu x86
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MULTITASKINGGGG
Some processors can support several programs running concurrently. This process is called a multitasking. The CPU can process only one instruction a time. To achieve multitasking, it switches between different programs at regular intervals.
The CPU status during the program execution is determined by the information kept in its registers: the current instruction, the data to be processed by this instruction, the pointer to the next instruction etc.
GetGlossary("processor",5205,1650,9450,3000)
buttonUp
buttonUp
processor
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GetGlossary("program",5145,1890,9540,4440)
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buttonUp
program
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GetGlossary("multitasking",5310,2130,9420,3960)
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multitasking
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GetGlossary("CPU",5340,2130,9300,3510)
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GetGlossary("instruction",5205,2370,9330,3930)
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buttonUp
instruction
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GetGlossary("register",5385,2460,9525,3570)
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register
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:PHYSSIZE
To make the switch to another program the CPU must store all the register values to be able to switch back to the current program afterwards. These operations are performed by a special unit.
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ani_down
ani_down
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GlossaryTerm
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation. to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.g by sharing CPU time between applications. memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
GlossaryDetail
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detailPage
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pc hardware su mth cpu e
DETAILS
processor gloss
processor gloss
PROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
processor gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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details
d*detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
multitasking gloss
MULTITASKING
a mode of computer operation when two or more applications can be running simultaneously. In computers with a single processor, a special operating system has to control multitasking by sharing CPU time between applications.
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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detailPage
details
\0detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
B r$Z
instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
register gloss
register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
register gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
*4detailPage
field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
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pc hardware su mth cpu b
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MEMORY SEGMENTATION
A program usually has three areas with different meaning. The program's instructions are stored in the code segment. The program's data are stored in the data segment.
Also the program has a special segment for its own housekeeping. This segment is called the stack segment.
The CPU usually keeps addresses for each of the segment in special segment registers: CS, DS and SS.
GetGlossary("program",3240,2175,8145,4440)
buttonUp
buttonUp
program
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GetGlossary("instruction",4560,2535,8700,4140)
buttonUp
buttonUp
instruction
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",3765,3090,7290,4680)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("address",3480,3045,7770,4680)
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buttonUp
address
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GetGlossary("register",3570,4140,8235,5055)
buttonUp
buttonUp
register
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.osition etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location. more operands.ile - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.i
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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pc hardware su mth cpu e
DETAILS
program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
address gloss
address gloss
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.
address gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 462" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
register gloss
register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
register gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
:PHYSSIZE
pc hardware su mth cpu c
InitAni("ip_pr3.flc",10,100,0,0,3)
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y.wav")
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PIPELINING
The pipelining is a technique that is used to increase the productivity of the CPU. Instead of waiting for the execution of the instruction and then aquiring the next one it is possible to separate the instruction aquisition and the instruction execution. In the pipeline scheme both of these operations are executed by two separate units so they can work without waiting for each other. Thus the next instruction can be taken from the memory prior to the moment the previous one has been accomplished.
GetGlossary("pipelining",5010,1725,9525,3795)
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buttonUp
pipelining
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",5160,2205,9285,3570)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("instruction",5355,2445,9450,4035)
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instruction
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("memory",4980,1845,9420,4125)
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memory
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:PHYSSIZE
'"ani_down"
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objectFromPoint(
'"ani_up"
-- Start
playAni(
playSound("pipe.wav")
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stopAni(
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pipe.wav
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ani_up
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GlossaryTerm
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
ns are implemented by two separate units so they can work without waiting for each other. its capacity.mited in its capacity.
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objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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pc hardware su mth mem
DETAILS
pipelining gloss
PIPELINING
a technique which is used to increase the productivity of the CPU. Instead of waiting for the execution of the instruction and then fetching the next one in the pipeline scheme both of these operations are implemented by two separate units so they can work without waiting for each other._&
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
(detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
memory gloss
memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
,detailPage
field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth bus h
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System Bus
The ISA and EISA buses have 7 DMA channels. The DMA controller supports 8-, 16-, and 32-bit data transfer modes. The EISA bus has four types of data exchange modes between the DMA-unit and memory :
- ISA-compatible cycles with data transfer based on eight bus cycles,
- A-cycles with data transfer based on six bus cycles,
- B-cycles executed within four bus cycles,
- C-cycles (burst DMA) performed within one clock tick.
The ISA bus interrupt lines that transmit interrupt calls are subject to impulse interference. The EISA can carry both front-active interrupt signals as the ISA does and level-active interrupt signals. For each interrupt the choice of an activation scheme can be programmed in advance.
GetGlossary("Bus",2160,1860,7395,3555)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("DMA",3450,1860,8760,3015)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Controller",3225,1875,7140,3435)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("RAM",690,2595,5325,4650)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Interrupt",1260,2310,5940,4380)
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buttonUp
Interrupt
GetGlossary
DMA & INTERRUPTSTSNTERRUPTS
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
INTERRUPT
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
ntinued. These routines are stored in the BIOS.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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##Interrupt System##
DETAILS
Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
DMA gloss
DMA gloss
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.
DMA gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 212" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
Interrupt gloss
Interrupt gloss
INTERRUPT
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 545" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth bus i
B"GlossaryDetail"
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System Bus
In ISA-based systems attachment of a new hardware adaptor is not an easy job. It requires manual description of the new configuration: to assign the board input/output ports addresses, the device interrupt number, the DMA scheme etc.
EISA bus-based computers have an automatic system configuration facility. Each EISA expansion board vendor ships the hardware with the configuration files.
a logical unit in data storage. It has its own name and is stored by the operating system as a distinct entity.It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.rupted program can be continued. These routines are stored in the BIOS.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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buttonUp
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pc software sys os bas s f f
DETAILS
Input/Output Port gloss
Input/Output Port gloss
INPUT/OUTPUT PORT
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.q
Input/Output Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 135" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Interrupt gloss
Interrupt gloss
INTERRUPT
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 545" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
DMA gloss
DMA gloss
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.m
DMA gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 212" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Expansion Board gloss
Expansion Board gloss
EXPANSION BOARD
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.
Expansion Board gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 74" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
File gloss
File gloss
a logical unit in data storage. It has its own name and is stored by the operating system as a distinct entity.
File gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
!detailPage
field "definition 80" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth bus j
B"GlossaryDetail"
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System Bus
EISA bus enhanced features cannot be implemented without a special set of ICs. At present Intel 82380 and 82380DT chips are used. They provide a full support of 80386/486 CPUs as well as 82385DX cache controllers. A system board with the EISA bus and 80386 microprocessor includes four 82350 IC sets:
- 82358 EISA Bus Controller,
- 82357 Integrated System Peripheral Chip,
- 82352 EISA Bus Buffer,
- 82355 BMIC Controller.
GetGlossary("Bus",3060,1545,7650,3255)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("IC",4350,2040,8595,3615)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("80386",4335,2745,8220,4485)
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buttonUp
80386
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("486",3465,2760,8595,4500)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",4965,2745,9165,4125)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Bus Controller",4440,2460,9240,3975)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Bus Controller
GetGlossary
EISA IC SET
For expansion boards based on the EISA standard a special bus-master chip - 82355 - Bus-Master Interface Controller is used.
GetGlossary("Expansion Board",450,3615,5700,5340)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Expansion Board
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("EISA Standard",3480,3900,8565,5355)
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buttonUp
EISA Standard
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
The EBC bus controller actually operates as a bridge between ISA and EISA adapters on the combined ISA/EISA bus. It handles data transmission cycles in ISA-, EISA- and CPU-bus communications and supervises the ISA/EISA bus cycles. If the CPU starts a bus cycle and gets no response from the controlled unit then the EBC bus controller transfers control to another device attached to the bus. Besides, the controller generates control signals for the address and data buffers placed between the buses. The EBC controller can introduce time delays between input/output cycles initiated by the CPU. In case the size of data in the controlled input/output device does not correspond to that in the main memory, the EBC controller performs information assembly/disassembly.
The peripheral controller is a multipurpose device inncludinng a 7-path DMA controller, 8-path interrupt controller and five 16-bit programmable timers. Besides, ISP is used as the chief bus arbitrator with all the MREQn and DMA call lines attached to it.
The bus buffer can operate in either of the three modes
- 32-data mode without data parity control. In this mode the EBB is situated between the data bus of the CPU and ISA/EISA bus. Biderectional data transmission is supported.
- 32-bit data mode with data parity control. In this mode the EBB bus buffer is located on the data path of the dynamic memory controller.
- EISA address mode. The EBB is placed on the address transfer path between the CPU bus and ISA/EISA bus.
The BMIC 82355 controller is aimed for EISA cards that can perform bus-master functions. The controller supports the interface between the EISA bus, transmission bus and on-board local processor.
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
EISA STANDARD
Extended Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of system bus interface. It was introduced for supporting advanced features of 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.
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Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
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IC gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
80386 gloss
80386 gloss
80386
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.
80386 gloss
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486 gloss
486 gloss
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
486 gloss
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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DETAILS
Bus Controller gloss
Bus Controller gloss
BUS CONTROLLER
a chip which controls the data exchange via the bus of the PC. It is installed on the motherboard and operates in accordance with the bus protocol.
Bus Controller gloss
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Expansion Board gloss
Expansion Board gloss
EXPANSION BOARD
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.
Expansion Board gloss
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EISA Standard gloss
EISA Standard gloss
EISA STANDARD
Extended Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of system bus interface. It was introduced for supporting advanced features of 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.33
EISA Standard gloss
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System Bus
The bus-master on the EISA boards supports both the standard and burst data transmission modes.
When the bus-master unit starts the data transmission in the standard mode it asks the system arbitrator for a permission to control the bus by activating the MREQx line. Then the bus master starts to poll the MAKx line via which the system arbitrator gives the reply. The address set in the corresponding lines indicates the target of transmission. The target may be the memory or an input/output device. Later on the control unit defines the transmission mode - read or write.
The start of the transmission cycle is identified by the bus-master via the START signal front which lasts one BCLK signal period. After the START signal the control unit inverts the signal on the CMD line. Reading EX16/EX32 signals enables the control unit to state the capacity of the target device. If the control unit generates a EXERDY signal that means it is ready to terminate the transmission cycle. After that the bus-master inverts the CMD signal value once again thus showing the end of the transmission.
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.
Address gloss
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Input/Output Device gloss
Input/Output Device gloss
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICE
a term covering all external computer units and peripheral devices which send data to the computer (input) and/or receives it (output). Some of them can do both of the operations. Input devices include the keyboard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.
Input/Output Device gloss
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Capacity gloss
CAPACITY
the amount of information which can be stored on a storage medium, such as a disk, or can be transmitted as a single unit via a channel, for example bus. Storage capacity is usually measured in Kb and bus capacity in bits.
GlossaryTerm
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
bus capacity in bits.ard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.amers etc.
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memory gloss
memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
bus capacity in bits.ard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.amers etc.
memory gloss
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System Bus
The bus-master on the EISA boards supports both the standard and burst data transmission modes.
In the burst mode the exchange of the control signals between the master and the target devices takes place only once, this is before the first block of data is transmitted. Besides the common control signals the MSBURST and SLBURST lines are also used. The signal exchange is performed in the same order as with the standard transmission mode but until the moment the bus activates a START signal from a target device. When the signal becomes active the control unit inverts the CMD line signal.
THE BURST TRANSMISSION
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC. f the PC. The CPU also has its own internal bus.
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Clock Generator 8284
STRUCTURE
The clock generator is directly connected to the CPU and the power supply unit.
The pulse generator is the main unit of the clock generator. It is a precision electric device, which charges and discharges with a fixed resonant frequency. That is why it is often called a resonator.r.
a voltage transformation device. It is incorporated in the system unit and is used to provide the power supply for all computer modules.erboard.
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Clock Generator gloss
Clock Generator gloss
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
Clock Generator gloss
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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Power Supply Unit gloss
Power Supply Unit gloss
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
a voltage transformation device. It is incorporated in the system unit and is used to provide the power supply for all computer modules.
Power Supply Unit gloss
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Clock Generator 8284
:PHYSSIZE
RESET SIGNAL
When the computer is switched on or when the RESET button of the system unit is pressed, the power supply unit generates the signal POWER GOOD. This signal is generated, if all the power supply voltages are OK. The clock generator receives the signal POWER GOOD and generates the signal RESET. It initializes memory registers in the CPU. The CPU starts execution of the BIOS cold restart routine, which has the hexadecimal address FFFF0.
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.
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System Unit gloss
System Unit gloss
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.
System Unit gloss
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Power Supply Unit gloss
Power Supply Unit gloss
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
a voltage transformation device. It is incorporated in the system unit and is used to provide the power supply for all computer modules.
Power Supply Unit gloss
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field "definition 137" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Clock Generator gloss
Clock Generator gloss
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
Clock Generator gloss
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field "definition 31" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Register gloss
Register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
Register gloss
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field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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Cold Restart gloss
Cold Restart gloss
COLD RESTART
computer booting performed when switching the computer on or by pressing the RESET button while the power is on.U#
Cold Restart gloss
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field "definition 485" of page "pc glossary J"
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Address gloss
Address gloss
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.O&
Address gloss
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DETAILS
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Clock Generator gloss
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CPU gloss
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Clock Generator 8284
:PHYSSIZE
READY SIGNAL
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GetGlossary("RAM",615,2775,5190,5190)
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Clock Generator gloss
DETAILS
The clock generator also generates the READY signal to let the CPU know, that the rest of the system is prepared for work. If the RAM or an input/output device fails to establish a connection with the CPU, the READY signal is switched off and it makes the CPU terminate its work until the rest of the system is ready to operate. After that the clock generator switches the READY signal on.
a term covering all external computer units and peripheral devices which send data to the computer (input) and/or receives it (output). Some of them can do both of the operations. Input devices include the keyboard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.amers etc.
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
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RAM gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Input/Output Device gloss
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field "definition 96" of page "pc glossary B"
Input/Output Device gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
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field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
RAM gloss
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICE
a term covering all external computer units and peripheral devices which send data to the computer (input) and/or receives it (output). Some of them can do both of the operations. Input devices include the keyboard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.
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Power Supply gloss
Motherboard gloss
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Clock Generator 8284
:PHYSSIZE
CLC SIGNALAL
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Power Supply gloss
Power Supply gloss
After the power supply is switched on, the pulse generator starts generating impulses with the frequency of 14,31818 MHz. It is the generator's basic frequency and it is transformed into other signals on the motherboard. To generate signals of other frequencies additional frequency multipliers and dividers are used.
DETAILS
DETAILS
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
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POWER SUPPLY
a voltage transformation device. It is incorporated in the system unit and is used to provide the power supply for all computer modules.
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MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
Motherboard gloss
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Motherboard gloss
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LEVELS OF HARDWARE INTERRUPTS
There are eight levels of masked hardware interrupt requests (IRQ0-IRQ7). They are processed by the interrupt controller in a decreasing priority. IRQ0 has the top priority. If the controller receives two interrupt requests at a time, the request with the lower number will be processed first. If IRQ5 and IRQ3 interrupt requests come simultaneously, IRQ3 will be processed before IRQ5.
The top priority among masked interrupts belongs to the IRQ0 interrupt from the system timer which performs the exact time measurement. The IRQ1 interrupt is generated by the keyboard when a key is pressed or released.
The non-maskable interrupt has the highest priority and is sent to a special chip port.
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.additional functional and control keys to facilitate computer operation.ht IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
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Hardware Interrupt gloss
Hardware Interrupt gloss
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
Hardware Interrupt gloss
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field "definition 92" of page "pc glossary B"
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IRQ0-IRQ7 gloss
IRQ0-IRQ7 gloss
IRQ0-IRQ7
a priority of hardware interrupt request. Every hardware interrupt has its own IRQ number that defines the order in which the interrupts are processed. IRQ number corresponds to a certain pin of interrupt controller chip. The interrupt controller has eight IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
IRQ0-IRQ7 gloss
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field "definition 551" of page "pc glossary L"
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Interrupt Controller gloss
Interrupt Controller gloss
INTERRUPT CONTROLLER
a chip installed on the motherboard which coordinates and schedules interrupt queries from hardware devices to the CPU.
Interrupt Controller gloss
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field "definition 281" of page "pc glossary F"
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System Timer gloss
System Timer gloss
SYSTEM TIMER
a module of the operating system, which keeps the current time and date.g%
System Timer gloss
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DETAILS
Keyboard gloss
Keyboard gloss
KEYBOARD
a device, which provides input of commands and data in real time. The keyboard is a part of the standard PC configuration. It is based on the traditional typewriter keyboard, but has additional functional and control keys to facilitate computer operation.
Keyboard gloss
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field "definition 103" of page "pc glossary C"
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Port gloss
Port gloss
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
Port gloss
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HARDWARE INTERRUPTS PRIORITIES
The 386 and 486 computers have 17 levels of hardware interrupts. They are processed by two interrupt controllers which have each their own ports for each interrupt level.
IRQ8 - IRQ15 are processed by the second interrupt controller. They have the priority that is higher than IRQ3 and lower than IRQ1. The second interrupt controller doesn't have the non- maskable interrupt port.
a priority of hardware interrupt request. Every hardware interrupt has its own IRQ number that defines the order in which the interrupts are processed. IRQ number corresponds to a certain pin of interrupt controller chip. The interrupt controller has eight IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
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##Interrupt System##
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386 gloss
386 gloss
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.3
386 gloss
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field "definition 255" of page "pc glossary F"
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486 gloss
486 gloss
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.O
486 gloss
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Hardware Interrupt gloss
Hardware Interrupt gloss
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
Hardware Interrupt gloss
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Interrupt Controller gloss
Interrupt Controller gloss
INTERRUPT CONTROLLER
a chip installed on the motherboard which coordinates and schedules interrupt queries from hardware devices to the CPU.
Interrupt Controller gloss
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field "definition 281" of page "pc glossary F"
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Port gloss
Port gloss
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
Port gloss
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IRQ gloss
IRQ gloss
a priority of hardware interrupt request. Every hardware interrupt has its own IRQ number that defines the order in which the interrupts are processed. IRQ number corresponds to a certain pin of interrupt controller chip. The interrupt controller has eight IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
IRQ gloss
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Memory
CMOS memory is a small capacity RAM that is used for storing current time and date and the system's configuration. The CMOS memory is battery operated, which permits to keep the data even when the PC is switched off.
The memory capacity varies from 64 to 128 bytes. The first 14 bytes are used for keeping the time and date and the rest is used for keeping the information about the system configuration.
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GetGlossary("RAM",3330,2010,8850,3855)
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CMOS MEMORY
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet. and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
is quite limited in its capacity.
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CMOS memory gloss
CMOS MEMORY
memory chip that keeps the current date and time along with description of the system configuration used by the start-up and booting routines. CMOS memory is manufactured under the CMOS technology and fed from the internal PC accumulator or batteries.
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
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byte gloss
byte gloss
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.
byte gloss
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Memory
There are three main characteristics for different types of internal memory. They are the capacity, the access time and the cost.
Internal cache memory: capacity of 2-32Kb, access time of 10-50nsec, 4-5 times as expensive as RAM.
External cache memory: capacity of 32KB-1Mb, access time of 15-50 nsec, 4-5 times as expensive as RAM.
Random-access memory (RAM): capacity 640KB-64Mb, access time of 60-100 nsec.
The advantage in capacity and lower cost makes the RAM the main type of the internal memory.
The external storage e.g. hard disks have capacity of 40-3000Mb but the access time is considerably lower ( 10-20 msec at best). External storage controllers also use special buffers and registers that speed up the data exchange with the RAM..
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GetGlossary("RAM",225,3045,5610,4860)
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hard disk
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THE MEMORY PERFORMANCE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.flow during transferral from one device to another. fixed position inside the computer.ectly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
is quite limited in its capacity.
GlossaryDetail
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access time gloss
ACCESS TIME
a storage performance parameter, which shows the time used for data searching, reading and transmission from the storage device to the memory.
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
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hard disk gloss
hard disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
hard disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
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buffer gloss
BUFFER
an area of storage used to hold blocks of data and to compensate for difference in rate of data flow during transferral from one device to another.A
register gloss
register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
register gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
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pc hardware su mth mem c
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Memory
CACHE MEMORY
The cache memory has much less capacity (from 16 to 256 Kb) than the RAM but it has a higher performance. It is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM. Cache is filled with the data from the RAM before the CPU actually needs it. So instead of accessing the RAM the CPU gets the data from the cache. Thus the cache memory acts as a middle-way temporary fast buffer between the CPU and the RAM.
Cache memory is based on SRAM microchips that are considerably faster than DRAM microchips of the RAM. There are two kinds of cache memory - -
GetGlossary("cache memory",4845,1530,9180,2940)
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cache memory
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("RAM",5130,1770,9435,4155)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",4950,2250,9045,3615)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("buffer",4980,3450,9330,5310)
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buffer
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("SRAM Chips",4995,1650,9360,3930)
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SRAM Chips
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("DRAM Chip",5025,1650,9435,4170)
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DRAM Chip
GetGlossary
internal and external. The internal cache memory is built into the microprocessor. The external cache memory is manufactured as a storage unit which is installed on the motherboard together with a special chip - the cache memory controller.
GetGlossary("motherboard",3705,4665,8550,6000)
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motherboard
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playAni(
playSound("cache1.wav")
-- Stop
stopAni(
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GlossaryTerm
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc. process is called "dynamic memory regeneration" and is performed by a special controller mounted on the motherboard. These chips are used for the RAM implementation.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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cache memory gloss
CACHE MEMORY
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
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buffer gloss
BUFFER
an area of storage used to hold blocks of data and to compensate for difference in rate of data flow during transferral from one device to another.
SRAM Chips gloss
SRAM CHIPS
Static Random Access Memory - memory chips which do not require dynamic memory regeneration as the DRAMs. These microchips operate faster but have less capacity, considerable power consumption and are 4-5 times as expensive as the DRAM chips. They are usually used for the cache memory implementation.
DRAM Chip gloss
DRAM Chip gloss
DRAM CHIP
Dynamic Random Access Memory - memory chips of large capacity, which use recharge of p-n transition for their operation. When working, these chips periodically require regeneration. This process is called "dynamic memory regeneration" and is performed by a special controller mounted on the motherboard. These chips are used for the RAM implementation.
DRAM Chip gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 55" of page "pc glossary B"
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motherboard gloss
motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
\8d9z
motherboard gloss
objectFromPoint(
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Parallel Port
PARALLEL PORT CONNECTORCTORCTOR
To send data from the computer to a printer the Centronics parallel interface is used. The printer is normally connected to the standard DB-25 female connector of the parallel port controller. Note that the DB-25 male connector is used for the serial ports. The connector is attached to the card with the controller and is placed at the rear side of the system unit.
The connection cable has a 25-pin connector to be attached to the computer's parallel port at one end and a 36-pin connector to be attached to the printer at the other.
GetGlossary("Parallel Port Controller",3075,2670,7935,3555)
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Parallel Port Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Serial Port",5145,2910,8760,4065)
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Serial Port
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("System Unit",2745,3390,7665,4500)
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System Unit
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
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GlossaryTerm
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.
GlossaryDetail
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Printer gloss
Printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.Q
Printer gloss
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field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
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Centronics Interface gloss
Centronics Interface gloss
CENTRONICS INTERFACE
the interface which is used in data exchange via the parallel port. It is implemented in the parallel port controller.9
Centronics Interface gloss
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field "definition 231" of page "pc glossary E"
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Parallel Port Controller gloss
Parallel Port Controller gloss
PARALLEL PORT CONTROLLER
a chip which implements the centronics interface for data exchange via the parallel port.
Parallel Port Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 233" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Serial Port gloss
Serial Port gloss
SERIAL PORT
a data transmission unit inside the system block, which transmits all the bits of every byte sequentially.
Serial Port gloss
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field "definition 160" of page "pc glossary D"
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System Unit gloss
System Unit gloss
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.
System Unit gloss
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Parallel Port
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BYTE TRANSMISSIONNEEE
First, the port controller analyses the incoming BUSY signal from the printer. The high level of the BUSY signal means that the printer is not ready for the byte reception. When the BUSY signal becomes low the interface controller (actually it is the port controller) puts the new byte to the data bus. Then it sets the STROBE signal. The signal duration is enough for the byte transmission and the printer generates the high level of the BUSY signal to show that it is busy with accepting the byte. Then it reads the transmitted byte and sets the BUSY signal back to low.
back to low.
tes the high level of the BUSY signal to show that it is busy with
accepting the byte. Then it reads the transmitted byte and sets the BUSY signal back to low.
GetGlossary("Port",1035,2310,4935,3885)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Printer",3525,3000,7230,3885)
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Printer
GetGlossary
When a byte is transmitted by the parallel port via the Centronics interface to some external device, for example, to a printer, it makes the following steps.
the interface which is used in data exchange via the parallel port. It is implemented in the parallel port controller.aracter or a letter of the alphabet.eripheral device.
GlossaryDetail
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Port gloss
Port gloss
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 135" of page "pc glossary C"
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Printer gloss
Printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images._
Printer gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
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Byte gloss
Byte gloss
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.K
Byte gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 25" of page "pc glossary A"
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Parallel Port gloss
Parallel Port gloss
PARALLEL PORT
a PC communication port which is mostly used for printer attachment. It transmits all the bits of every byte simultaneously.
Parallel Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 127" of page "pc glossary C"
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Centronics Interface gloss
Centronics Interface gloss
CENTRONICS INTERFACE
the interface which is used in data exchange via the parallel port. It is implemented in the parallel port controller.
Centronics Interface gloss
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Parallel Port
CENTRONICS INTERFACEE
Data communication via the parallel port is supported by an 8-bit Centronics interface. This interface is implemented in the parallel port controller. The centronics interface makes use of TTL signals and provides agreements between the port and a remote device connected by a cable.
The interface can't support long-distance lines - the length of the cable is limited to several meters. When a longer cable is needed it must be supplied with special protective screening (since Centronics is highly noise-sensitive) and should not be placed near engines, fluorescent lamps etc.
GetGlossary("Parallel Port Controller",4170,2460,8715,3285)
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Parallel Port Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("TTL",2595,2700,8025,4095)
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GlossaryTerm
a family of logic circuits based on bipolar transistors manufactured in a chip. In the TTL system of signaling a nominal +5V is equated with logical 1, and a nominal 0V is equated with logical 0..
Parallel Port gloss
Parallel Port gloss
PARALLEL PORT
a PC communication port which is mostly used for printer attachment. It transmits all the bits of every byte simultaneously.
Parallel Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 127" of page "pc glossary C"
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Centronics Interface gloss
CENTRONICS INTERFACE
the interface which is used in data exchange via the parallel port. It is implemented in the parallel port controller.
Parallel Port Controller gloss
Parallel Port Controller gloss
PARALLEL PORT CONTROLLER
a chip which implements the centronics interface for data exchange via the parallel port.
Parallel Port Controller gloss
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field "definition 233" of page "pc glossary E"
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TTL gloss
a family of logic circuits based on bipolar transistors manufactured in a chip. In the TTL system of signaling a nominal +5V is equated with logical 1, and a nominal 0V is equated with logical 0.
pc hardware su mth bus a
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System Bus
BUS CHARACTERISTICS
Computer performance depends in many ways on the system bus organization. The following bus characteristics are of great importance:
- address bus capacity - 20-, 32- etc. bit. This determines how much memory space can be addressed for data transfer,
- data bus capacity - 16-, 32- etc. bit. This determines how many bits of data can be transmitted simultaneously via the bus per one cycle,
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.unit. Measured in bits. signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
GlossaryDetail
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System Bus gloss
System Bus gloss
SYSTEM BUS
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
System Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 20" of page "pc glossary A"
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Bus Capacity gloss
BUS CAPACITY
one of main bus characteristics, that specifies the amount of information which can be transmitted via the bus channels as a single unit. Measured in bits.
Bit gloss
Bit gloss
the elementary information unit in computing. Can be either 0 (low) or 1(high).-
Bit gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 17" of page "pc glossary A"
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DMA gloss
DMA gloss
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.
DMA gloss
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field "definition 212" of page "pc glossary E"
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Hardware Interrupt gloss
Hardware Interrupt gloss
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
Hardware Interrupt gloss
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field "definition 92" of page "pc glossary B"
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Bus gloss
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Bus Capacity gloss
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System Bus
The IBM PC/XT computer has a 20-bit address bus. This bus capacity permits to access 1048576 bytes of memory. Data transmission is supported by the 8-bit data bus. Both of the buses are multiplexed - addresses and data travel along the same wires. That is why data reading takes at least two bus cycles: prior to transmission the data address is to be read, then the data itself.
To handle external hardware devices the bus has 7 lines of hardware interrupts (IRQ) and 4 channels for direct memory access (DMA). The 8-bit DMA supports data transfer rate at of 250 to 500 Kb per second.
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.processed. IRQ number corresponds to a certain pin of interrupt controller chip. The interrupt controller has eight IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
s are stored in the BIOS.
capacity.
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GetGlossary("IRQ",2925,2205,7890,4020)
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Byte gloss
GetGlossary("Bus Capacity",2700,2100,6765,3420)
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Bus Capacity
GetGlossary
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
DETAILS
Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
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Byte gloss
detailPage
field "definition 25" of page "pc glossary A"
Byte gloss
BUS CAPACITY
one of main bus characteristics, that specifies the amount of information which can be transmitted via the bus channels as a single unit. Measured in bits.
Bus Capacity gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 195" of page "pc glossary D"
Bus Capacity gloss
Memory gloss
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.
IRQ gloss
DETAILS
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
objectFromPoint(
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Hardware Interrupt gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
Memory gloss
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field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
Memory gloss
IRQ gloss
DETAILS
DMA gloss
DMA gloss
DETAILS
Hardware Interrupt gloss
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field "definition 92" of page "pc glossary B"
Hardware Interrupt gloss
DMA gloss
a priority of hardware interrupt request. Every hardware interrupt has its own IRQ number that defines the order in which the interrupts are processed. IRQ number corresponds to a certain pin of interrupt controller chip. The interrupt controller has eight IRQ channels from IRQ0 to IRQ7.
4%<&n
IRQ gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 551" of page "pc glossary L"
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 212" of page "pc glossary E"
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System Bus
80286-based IBM PC/AT computers use the ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) system bus. This bus provides full support of the 80286 advanced features. It has the 16-bit data bus and 24-bit address bus so up to 16 Mb of memory can be addressed. The number of hardware interrupt lines was increased from 7 to 15 and the number of DMA channels was increased from 4 to 7.
The ISA data bus allows for compatibility with the XT models and supports also the 8-bit data transmission. When using the DMA, the supported data transfer rate in 8-bit mode is 100 - 400 Kb per second, while in 16-bit mode it is 400 - 800 Kb per second.
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.nd expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
a the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller..
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80286 gloss
80286 gloss
80286
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
80286 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 254" of page "pc glossary F"
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System Bus gloss
System Bus gloss
SYSTEM BUS
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
System Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 20" of page "pc glossary A"
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Memory gloss
Memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
Memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
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Hardware Interrupt gloss
Hardware Interrupt gloss
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
Hardware Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 92" of page "pc glossary B"
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DMA gloss
DMA gloss
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.7!
DMA gloss
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System Bus
The ISA bus was designed to be used with the 286 microprocessors and using it with powerful 386 and 486 microprocessors is a drawback. The new bus architecture was required to support a larger addressed memory space and 32-bit data transmission, DMA mode, enhanced interrupt and arbitration systems, automatic system configuration and expansion boards. IBM Corp. managed to meet these and other requirements in the new MCA (Micro-Channel Architecture). However this architecture is protected by IBM from other manufacturers and is used only in PS/2 computers.
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.s up to 4Gb..MHz.
GlossaryDetail
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Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
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286 gloss
286 gloss
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.
286 gloss
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field "definition 254" of page "pc glossary F"
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Microprocessor gloss
Microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
Microprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
386 gloss
386 gloss
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.
386 gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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detailPage
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field "definition 255" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
486 gloss
486 gloss
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
486 gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Addressed Memory Space gloss
ADDRESSED MEMORY SPACE
characteristics of the CPU and the BUS. It determines how much memory they can use. This characteristics depend on the capacity of the address line. 16-bit processors can address up to 1Mb of memory while 32-bit processors can address up to 4Gb.
DMA gloss
DMA gloss
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.
$(,):
DMA gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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buttonUp
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field "definition 212" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Interrupt gloss
Interrupt gloss
INTERRUPT
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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detailPage
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h,detailPage
field "definition 545" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
Expansion Board gloss
Expansion Board gloss
EXPANSION BOARD
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.
Expansion Board gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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field "definition 74" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth bus e
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System Bus
Evolutionary approach to the ISA bus development was suggested by a group of nine major IBM PC manufacturers. These are AST, Compaq, Epson, Hewlett-Packard, NEC, Olivetti, Tandy, Wyse and Zenith. The joint efforts resulted in the design of the EISA - Extended Industry Standard Architecture. The EISA is intended for up-to-date computer systems with high speed hard disks and buffer cache memory. The advantages of the new bus are most effective in network environments.
The EISA bus has the 32-bit data and address buses. It can access up to 4Gb of memory space. The memory space can be also accessed by control unit boards: the bus-master and DMA. The EISA supports multiprocessor computer architecture. That is why data travelling from hard disk, graphics and network controllers may be processed independently thus removing the workload from the CPU. The maximum bus throughput is 33 Mb per second.
GetGlossary("Bus",3255,1905,7755,3240)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Hard Disk",3645,1470,8760,2880)
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Hard Disk
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Buffer",4170,1770,7950,3105)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Buffer
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Cache Memory",5175,3330,9345,4920)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Cache Memory
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Network",2970,3570,6495,4830)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Network
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("DMA",4155,3090,9135,4305)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Controller",3105,3435,6960,5025)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",1245,3810,5805,5280)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
EISA STANDARD
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system. located on a separate expansion board.r.pre-fetched into such a buffer before it is accessed by the CPU.)
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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DETAILS
Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
Hard Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Buffer gloss
BUFFER
an area of storage used to hold blocks of data and to compensate for difference in rate of data flow during transferral from one device to another.
Cache Memory gloss
Cache Memory gloss
CACHE MEMORY
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.
Cache Memory gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 237" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Network gloss
Network gloss
NETWORK
a series of points (computers and peripherals) connected by communication channels.m!
Network gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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field "definition 329" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
DMA gloss
DMA gloss
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.7$
H$P%K
DMA gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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detailPage
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d%detailPage
field "definition 212" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
212" of page "pc glossary E"
pc hardware su mth bus f
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pc hardware su mth bus
System Bus
The system bus is a group of wires and connectors that are used to transmit the signals between devices and the CPU. There are three main components of the system bus:
- DATA BUS - it is used to transmit data for storage or processing,
- ADDRESS BUS - it is used to transmit the data addresses in the RAM,
- CONTROL BUS - it is used to transmit control signals and commands.
GetGlossary("System Bus",1395,1635,6765,3465)
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System Bus
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",3375,2115,7305,3525)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("RAM",2610,1470,7575,3555)
buttonUp
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GetGlossary
BUS GENERALON
:PHYSSIZE
At each time interval the bus status is characterized by a set of signals. The change of the bus status is referred to as a bus operating cycle. The data transfer can be performed within one or several bus cycles. A so-called non-addressing read operation is executed within one cycle. If it is needed to transfer an address, a control signal and data via the bus, it takes several bus cycles.
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
he bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su mth mem d
DETAILS
System Bus gloss
System Bus gloss
SYSTEM BUS
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
System Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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buttonUp
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detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 20" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth bus g
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System Bus
:PHYSSIZE
The system arbitrator is the first CPU's assistant. Its functions include memory regeneration, selected control signals formation, as well as centralized control of the bus operation.
The bus-master is a highly intelligent 80186 on-chip controller. It is attached to the EISA-bus. It can perform data transmission via the bus bypassing the CPU. It can also implement the DMA mode.
The EISA standard supports up to 15 expansion slots for attaching new peripherals. Each slot is connected with the arbitrator with one query and one answer line.
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.ures of 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.lso has its own internal bus.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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buttonUp
detailPage
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pc hardware su mth exp
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Memory Regeneration gloss
Memory Regeneration gloss
MEMORY REGENERATION
charging pulses for DRAM chips.]
Memory Regeneration gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 240" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.
DMA gloss
DMA gloss
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.+
DMA gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 212" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
EISA Standard gloss
EISA Standard gloss
EISA STANDARD
Extended Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of system bus interface. It was introduced for supporting advanced features of 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.1
EISA Standard gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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detailPage
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h detailPage
field "definition 251" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Expansion Slot gloss
Expansion Slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
2":#X
Expansion Slot gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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N#detailPage
field "definition 75" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
pc hardware su port ser a
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Serial Port
SERIAL PORT CONTROLLER
Serial communication is by no means a simple procedure. Besides every byte of data being disintegrated into a sequence of bits, many service operations have to be done: checking status of the transmission line, watching readiness of the devices, etc.
The serial port controller supports all the aspects of the serial communication. The main component of the controller is the UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. PC UARTs are usually implemented on the INTEL 8250 chips.
GetGlossary("Byte",4275,2070,9045,3405)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Bit",2025,2550,6270,3480)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Serial Port Controller",3630,2655,7950,3510)
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Serial Port Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("UART",2730,3105,6525,4230)
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GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter - the main chip of serial communication ports.the serial port.ing one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su port ser f
DETAILS
Byte gloss
Byte gloss
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.
Byte gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 25" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Bit gloss
Bit gloss
the elementary information unit in computing. Can be either 0 (low) or 1(high).c
Bit gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 17" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Serial Port Controller gloss
SERIAL PORT CONTROLLER
a UART chip which implements the RS232C interface for data exchange via the serial port.
UART gloss
UART gloss
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter - the main chip of serial communication ports.
UART gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
buttonUp
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detailPage
field "definition 180" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
:PHYSSIZE
Serial Portrt
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DETAILS
Parallel Port Controller gloss
DETAILS
+detailPage
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Serial Port
Serial port controller is usually situated on the same card as the other controllers. As a rule these are a parallel port controller, a floppy disk controller and a hard disk controller. The card is called the Multi Input Output (MIO) card. It can be installed into any free expansion slot of the motherboard.
board.
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Serial Port Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Parallel Port Controller",3540,2670,8055,3555)
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Parallel Port Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Floppy Disk Controller",4965,2670,8955,3765)
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Floppy Disk Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Hard Disk Controller",4215,3030,8565,4620)
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Hard Disk Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Expansion Slot",4200,3750,8520,4860)
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Expansion Slot
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Motherboard",3915,3750,7860,5310)
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Motherboard
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INSTALLATION
:PHYSSIZE
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objectFromPoint(
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-- Start
playVideo(
playSound("serial.wav")
-- Stop
stopVideo(
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buttonStillDown
buttonDown
ani_down
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ani_up
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serial.wav
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:PHYSSIZE
ani_up
:PHYSSIZE
ani_down
":PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc. shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth
Serial Port Controller gloss
SERIAL PORT CONTROLLER
a UART chip which implements the RS232C interface for data exchange via the serial port.
Serial Port Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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buttonUp
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'detailPage
field "definition 234" of page "pc glossary E"
Serial Port Controller gloss
Floppy Disk Controller gloss
Expansion Slot gloss
DETAILS
DETAILS
PARALLEL PORT CONTROLLER
a chip which implements the centronics interface for data exchange via the parallel port.
Parallel Port Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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field "definition 233" of page "pc glossary E"
Parallel Port Controller gloss
Hard Disk Controller gloss
Floppy Disk Controller gloss
FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements protocol of data exchange between a floppy disk drive and the memory via the system bus.
Floppy Disk Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
.detailPage
field "definition 84" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Expansion Slot gloss
.detailPage
field "definition 75" of page "pc glossary B"
HARD DISK CONTROLLER
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the hard disk and the RAM via the system bus. It also generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
Hard Disk Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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1detailPage
field "definition 232" of page "pc glossary E"
Hard Disk Controller gloss
Motherboard gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
Expansion Slot gloss
"F$2(B+J.
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
Motherboard gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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7detailPage
field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
Motherboard gloss
r8%*%*%x
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Serial Port
RS232C
:PHYSSIZE
COM 1
COM 2
Data exchange via a serial port is carried out using the standard interface known as RS-232C. This interface is implemented in the serial port controller.
In PCs the RS-232C interface can be used both for intercomputer communication and for interaction with peripherals. In the first case the RS-232C is connected to a modem, network equipment or another RS-232C. In the second case the RS-232C interface can be connected to any external device compatible with RS-232C, e.g., to a plotter.
A standard 25-pin connector is used in RS-232C compatible devices. Some devices, e.g. a mouse, do not use all the 25 pins. In this case a 9-pin connector can be used. As a rule PC is equipped with two serial ports, one of them supplied with the the 25-pin connector, whereas the second - with the 9-pin one.
GetGlossary("Serial Port",4395,1680,7830,2775)
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Serial Port
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Serial Port Controller",2625,2160,6720,3285)
a device used for output drawings, diagrams, maps etc. onto paper or a special film. Plotters are usually used in CAD packages, though some graphics editors can output to a plotter as well.ital signals into analog signals (modulation) which can be transmitted along telephone lines; when receiving data it works the other way round (demodulation).
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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pc hardware other plot
DETAILS
Serial Port gloss
Serial Port gloss
SERIAL PORT
a data transmission unit inside the system block, which transmits all the bits of every byte sequentially.
Serial Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 160" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Serial Port Controller gloss
Serial Port Controller gloss
SERIAL PORT CONTROLLER
a UART chip which implements the RS232C interface for data exchange via the serial port.1
Serial Port Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 234" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Modem gloss
Modem gloss
MODEM
-MOdulator-DEModulator - a device used for communication between computers via ordinary telephone lines. It is connected to the serial port. When sending data it transforms the computer's digital signals into analog signals (modulation) which can be transmitted along telephone lines; when receiving data it works the other way round (demodulation).
Modem gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 113" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Network Equipment gloss
Network Equipment gloss
NETWORK EQUIPMENT
a set of physical components for interconnecting computers to work within a certain network topology.
Network Equipment gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
!detailPage
field "definition 336" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
Plotter gloss
Plotter gloss
PLOTTER
a device used for output drawings, diagrams, maps etc. onto paper or a special film. Plotters are usually used in CAD packages, though some graphics editors can output to a plotter as well.
Plotter gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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field "definition 134" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
peripherals) co
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Serial Port
SERIAL TRANSMISSION
:PHYSSIZE
To be transmitted, a byte is disintegrated into a sequence of bits. Start, stop and parity bits are added to this sequence in accordance with settings of the port initialization. For communication to be successful, sender and receiver should use the same control bits and should operate with the same speed.
GetGlossary("Parity Bit",5115,2190,9255,4215)
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Parity Bit
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Port",4545,2670,7620,4740)
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GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device. including the parity bit is always odd or always even, if data transfer has been performed correctly.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su port
DETAILS
Parity Bit gloss
PARITY BIT
a special bit used for verification of the accuracy of a data transfer. This bit is appended to a sequence of bits to be transferred. The binary sum of binary digits in the sequence including the parity bit is always odd or always even, if data transfer has been performed correctly.
Port gloss
Port gloss
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 135" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
pc hardware su port ser e
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pc hardware su port par
Serial Port
An UART has 10 one-byte registers used for serial port programming. They are used for the port initialization and control. Port programming can be done either by writing data directly to these registers or by the ROM BIOS 14H interrupt functions. Hardware interrupts are generated during the transmission or reception of the data. During initialization of the port, the length of the transmitted sequence, number of stop bits, the presence of the parity-check bit and the data exchange rate are set in the registers. The line status, e.g. the presence of the carrier, is stored in these registers as well. The UARTs addresses are stored in the registers 0040:0000 for COM1 and 0040:0002 for COM2. COM1 has the basic address 3F8H, and COM2 - 2F8H.
name of the second serial port of the PC.al information between communicating devices. This signal has constant parameters (frequency, amplitude and phase) and is modulated/demodulated by a sending/receiving modem..
Once it is completed the interrupted program can be continued. These routines are stored in the BIOS.
UART gloss
UART gloss
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter - the main chip of serial communication ports.
UART gloss
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field "definition 180" of page "pc glossary D"
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Register gloss
Register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
Register gloss
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field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
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Serial Port gloss
Serial Port gloss
SERIAL PORT
a data transmission unit inside the system block, which transmits all the bits of every byte sequentially.
Serial Port gloss
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field "definition 160" of page "pc glossary D"
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ROM BIOS gloss
ROM BIOS gloss
ROM BIOS
Basic Input/Output System - ROM-based firmware which mainly is responsible for physical access to PC units and devices.
ROM BIOS gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 16" of page "pc glossary A"
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Interrupt gloss
Interrupt gloss
INTERRUPT
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 545" of page "pc glossary K"
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Hardware Interrupt gloss
Hardware Interrupt gloss
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
Hardware Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 92" of page "pc glossary B"
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Carrier gloss
Carrier gloss
CARRIER
an analog signal which "carries" digital information between communicating devices. This signal has constant parameters (frequency, amplitude and phase) and is modulated/demodulated by a sending/receiving modem.
Carrier gloss
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field "definition 28" of page "pc glossary A"
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COM1 gloss
name of the first serial port of the PC.3'
COM2 gloss
name of the second serial port of the PC.
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Serial Port
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The serial port controller is manufactured under the RS-232C standard and has up to eight UARTs on the board. Each UART has the following scheme:
- address decoder that is used for a particular UART selection,
- data bus for data exchange,
- interrupt bus which sends to the CPU a signal that communication has been started,
- pulse generator,
- UART - it performs all the data exchange operations: receiving, transmitting, control etc.
GetGlossary("Serial Port Controller",4665,1860,9045,2790)
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Serial Port Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("RS232C",6030,2100,9345,2985)
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RS232C
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("UART",4770,2580,7320,3930)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Decoder",4440,3300,8175,4425)
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Decoder
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Interrupt",2610,1695,7290,3780)
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Interrupt
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",4410,2685,9300,3780)
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GetGlossary
CONTROLLER SCHEME
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Once it is completed the interrupted program can be continued. These routines are stored in the BIOS.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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Serial Port Controller gloss
Serial Port Controller gloss
SERIAL PORT CONTROLLER
a UART chip which implements the RS232C interface for data exchange via the serial port.
Serial Port Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 234" of page "pc glossary E"
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RS232C gloss
RS232C gloss
RS232C
an interface standard used in serial port data communication.
RS232C gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 154" of page "pc glossary D"
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UART gloss
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter - the main chip of serial communication ports.
Decoder gloss
DECODER
a device which transforms an input signal into the form acceptable by other hardware or software.
Interrupt gloss
Interrupt gloss
INTERRUPT
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 545" of page "pc glossary K"
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
There are synchronous and asynchronous methods of communication.
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
:PHYSSIZE
Transmitted Dataa
Received Data
Signal Ground
Received Data
Signal Ground
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Transmitted Dataaa
Received Dataa
Transmitted Criticalll
Received Criticalll
Signal Ground
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"asynch"
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asynch
asynch
Asynchronous method
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synch
synch
Synchronous method
:PHYSSIZE
Synchro - Signal
Data - Signalnal
asynch
The asynchronous method is applied for the simplest data swapping. All the devices with the 9-pin connector operate in the asynchronous mode, since there are no contacts for the exchange of the synchronizing signals. To determine the boundaries of the transmitted data frame each data portion is supplemented with start and stop bits.
synch
In the synchronous mode every transmitted data bit is followed by a special synchronizing signal. The synchronizing signal is a right-angled pulse generated either by a built-in quartz pulse generator or by an external source. The synchronous mode of communication is produced by a connection between 15 and 17 pins of the transmitting and receiving ports, as shown in the scheme.
The synchronous method is used for high-speed data transmission. The necessity to transmit the start and the stop bits vanishes in the synchronous transmission. To test the port in the synchronous mode one has just to link the 15 and 17 pins of the connector.
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Serial Port
RS232C CONNECTION
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Transmitted Data
Received
Data
Request To Send
Clear To Send
Data Set Ready
Data Terminal
Ready
Signal
Ground
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Received
Data
Request To Send
Clear To Send
Data Set Ready
Data Terminal
Ready
Signal
Ground
Request To Send
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Signal Ground
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The simplest way to connect two devices with RS232C ports is to connect their data pins. In this case, however, the devices do not exchange the control and service signals. If the receiving device is not ready to read the data frame, the data will be lost.
To avoid such a situation more complex methods of connection are used, for example, an asynchronous connection. This connection eliminates the cases when the data is lost because of the device's engagement. The sending device sends the signal of request (CTS-Clear To Send), whereas the receiving device, if it is ready to accept the data, sends the signal of readiness (RTS-Request To Send). The data unit is transmitted only after both of the signals have been generated.
GetGlossary("RS232C",5550,1785,9255,2655)
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
RS232C
an interface standard used in serial port data communication.
GlossaryDetail
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RS232C gloss
RS232C gloss
RS232C
an interface standard used in serial port data communication.
RS232C gloss
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Parallel Port
PINOUTS OF THE PARALLEL PORT
PIN SIGNAL IN/OUT
PIN SIGNAL IN/OUT
Apart from the basic Centronics interface signals there are some extra signals on the parallel port connector. They are not always used by print support programs, though they provide some additional control information and can be used for more complex data transmission.
In addition to DATA0-DATA7, BUSY, STROBE and ACNLG signals the following signals can be sent:
ERROR - low level - paper out, OFF LINE, error on printing device,
INIT - low level - printer status reset after turning power ON,
SLCT IN - high level - control mode of printer OFF LINE and ON LINE.
N LINE
1 STROBE O
2 D0 O
3 D1 O
4 D2 O
5 D3 O
6 D4 O
7 D5 O
8 D6 O
9 D7 O
10 ACNLG I
11 BUSY I
12 PE I
13 SLCT I
14 AUTOFD O
15 ERROR I
16 INIT O
17 SLCT IN O
18-25 GROUND
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GlossaryTerm
PARALLEL PORT
a PC communication port which is mostly used for printer attachment. It transmits all the bits of every byte simultaneously..
GlossaryDetail
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Centronics Interface gloss
Centronics Interface gloss
CENTRONICS INTERFACE
the interface which is used in data exchange via the parallel port. It is implemented in the parallel port controller.
Centronics Interface gloss
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field "definition 231" of page "pc glossary E"
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Parallel Port gloss
Parallel Port gloss
PARALLEL PORT
a PC communication port which is mostly used for printer attachment. It transmits all the bits of every byte simultaneously.
Parallel Port gloss
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field "definition 127" of page "pc glossary C"
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Laser Printer
IMAGE GENERATION
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A low-power semiconductor laser generates a narrow beam in accordance with the image spot that is being printed. The beam reflects from the rotating hexahedral mirror and lands on the drum evenly charged by the crown grid.
When the laser beam moves by, it discharges some spots of the positively charged drum surface line. Thus an electronic map of the image line is generated on the drum.
Then the drum passes against the roller which brings a black painting powder (toner) from a special supply. Positively charged small fractions of the toner stick to the neutral areas of the drum surface and the image line can be printed out onto paper.per.r.e printed out onto paper.ted out onto paper.
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Laser Printer
IMAGE PRINTING
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After the drum is covered with the toner the pick-up unit takes a sheet of paper and inserts it into the printer. The paper comes from the tray and several rollers carry it to the drum. Then it is charged by a high voltage grid to attract the toner from the drum. Thus the image is formed by the toner particles which appear on the paper.
Then the paper with the image goes to the fixing engine. When heated up to 200-220 C and under pressure the toner is melted and fused with paper. The rubber rollers press the fused toner to the paper, fix the on-paper image and bring the paper to the printer output tray.y..ay..ay. printer tray..ay..ay.ay.er tray.ray.After the image line has been printed out a special precision step engine rotates the drum and the next line is scanned. The spacing corresponds to the printer resolution and normally is about 300 dpi i.e. 0.1 mm. and normally is about 300
dpi i.e. 0.1 mm.
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.c
GlossaryTerm
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.
GlossaryDetail
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DETAILS
Rollers
Fixing Engine
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GlossaryTerm
Laser Printer
THE PRINT DRUM
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The print drum is a metallic cylinder covered with thin organic photosensitive film that is normally made of zinc oxide. The film is charged either positively or negatively and can be discharged by the laser beam that moves across the drum surface.
To charge the drum surface a thin wire called the crown grid is used. This grid stays under a high voltage which generates the "crown" - a luminescent ionized area around the grid.
und the grid.
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DETAILS
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Parallel Port
PARALLEL PORT CONTROLLER
The parallel port controller is used to support the parallel data transmission via the port. It is usually situated on the same card with the other controllers. As a rule these are serial port controllers, a floppy disk controller and a hard disk controller. The card is called the Multi Input Output (MIO) card. It can be installed into any free expansion slot of the motherboard.
erboard.
GetGlossary("Parallel Port Controller",4560,1845,8250,3000)
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Parallel Port Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Parallel Data Transmission",4860,2085,9225,3195)
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Parallel Data Transmission
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Serial Port Controller",3225,1905,7950,2805)
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Serial Port Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Floppy Disk Controller",5220,1710,9225,2805)
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Floppy Disk Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Hard Disk Controller",3750,1485,8265,3045)
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Hard Disk Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Expansion Slot",3300,2400,7080,3765)
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Expansion Slot
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, extension slots, etc.
GlossaryTerm
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.so generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
GlossaryDetail
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Parallel Port Controller gloss
PARALLEL PORT CONTROLLER
a chip which implements the centronics interface for data exchange via the parallel port.
Parallel Data Transmiss gloss
Parallel Data Transmiss gloss
PARALLEL DATA TRANSMISSION
a data transmission method when all the bits of each transmitted byte are transmitted simultaneously.
Parallel Data Transmiss gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 236" of page "pc glossary E"
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Serial Port Controller gloss
Serial Port Controller gloss
SERIAL PORT CONTROLLER
a UART chip which implements the RS232C interface for data exchange via the serial port.!
Serial Port Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 234" of page "pc glossary E"
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Floppy Disk Controller gloss
Floppy Disk Controller gloss
FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements protocol of data exchange between a floppy disk drive and the memory via the system bus.
Floppy Disk Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 84" of page "pc glossary B"
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Hard Disk Controller gloss
Hard Disk Controller gloss
HARD DISK CONTROLLER
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the hard disk and the RAM via the system bus. It also generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.}
Hard Disk Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 232" of page "pc glossary E"
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Expansion Slot gloss
Expansion Slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
Expansion Slot gloss
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field "definition 75" of page "pc glossary B"
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Parallel Port
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To control the operation of other devices and to exchange the data with them the processor uses interrupt calls.
Almost every external device has its own interrupt routine. This routine is a special program that supports all the required operations with the device. Addresses of these routines are stored in the BIOS interrupt vector and when the routine needs to be invoked the address from the vector is loaded into the Instruction Point register of the CPU thus starting the execution.
GetGlossary("Instruction Point Register",5355,1170,8955,3585)
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Instruction Point Register
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:PHYSSIZE
There are two kinds of interrupts. The hardware interrupts are initiated by an external device to ask the CPU to do something. For example, the hardware interrupt from the keyboard is generated after you have pressed a key - the keyboard asks the CPU to put the character into the BIOS keyboard buffer.
The software interrupts are initiated by a running program if it wants to access a certain device, e.g. to send data to a printer or monitor or to read characters from the keyboard buffer. Then it implements a special instruction with the number of the required routine address in the interrupt vector.
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.ages.processing a certain system event by the corresponding interrupt handling routine.
rogram.ter keyboard, but has additional functional and control keys to facilitate computer operation. IP Register. with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs..
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Interrupt Routine gloss
INTERRUPT ROUTINE
a special routine which is started by the CPU to handle particular interrupt. Addresses of interrupt routines are stored in the interrupt vector table. Once the routine is completed, the CPU resumes executing the interrupted program.
Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
Address gloss
Address gloss
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.%5
Address gloss
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Instruction Point Regis gloss
Instruction Point Regis gloss
INSTRUCTION POINT REGISTER
a special register of the CPU which keeps address of the next instruction to be executed. When a program is loaded for execution the CPU receives the address of the program's first byte (the program starting address) and stores it in the IP Register.
Instruction Point Regis gloss
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field "definition 280" of page "pc glossary F"
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CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
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Hardware Interrupt gloss
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
Keyboard gloss
Keyboard gloss
KEYBOARD
a device, which provides input of commands and data in real time. The keyboard is a part of the standard PC configuration. It is based on the traditional typewriter keyboard, but has additional functional and control keys to facilitate computer operation.
Keyboard gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 103" of page "pc glossary C"
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BIOS Keyboard Buffer gloss
BIOS Keyboard Buffer gloss
BIOS KEYBOARD BUFFER
memory space inside the BIOS Data Area reserved by the BIOS for keeping all the characters which has been typed until they are accepted by a program.
BIOS Keyboard Buffer gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 189" of page "pc glossary D"
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Software Interrupt gloss
SOFTWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by the currently running program for processing a certain system event by the corresponding interrupt handling routine.
Printer gloss
Printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.5F
Printer gloss
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field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
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Monitor gloss
Monitor gloss
MONITOR
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.
Monitor gloss
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field "definition 115" of page "pc glossary C"
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INTERRUPTS MASKING
There are two reasons for an interrupt to be disabled for execution by the CPU. The first reason is that a new interrupt can cause harm to the currently running program. The second reason is the time constraints. For example, an accurately timed input/output procedure cannot be interrupted by another interrupt which requires a lot of time.
The process of disabling the hardware interrupts is called masking. Some hardware interrupts are very important and cannot be disabled. They are named non-maskable.
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs..
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##Interrupt System##
DETAILS
Interrupt gloss
Interrupt gloss
INTERRUPT
suspending the current process to handle a system event by starting the corresponding interrupt routine. An interrupt can be generated both by a device (hardware interrupt) or by a program (software interrupt).
Interrupt gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 545" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.;
Hardware Interrupt gloss
Hardware Interrupt gloss
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
Hardware Interrupt gloss
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field "definition 92" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
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Accelerators
Coprocessors & accelerators Video accelerators Memory Boost
Graphics coprocessors Coprocessors Software Local Bus Use
Until recently the PC video system had just two components: a monitor and a video adaptor. However, modern applications often require faster and more sophisticated graphics. It can be multicolor pictures, full-screen animations, digitized video clips etc.
To perform this graphics work without delay an advanced hardware - video accelerators and coprocessors - has been introduced. This provides a solution for the following major problems: boosting the output capacity, raising the resolution and increasing the number of displayable colors. For example, some accelerators provide resolution up to 1280x1280 and image output speed up to 24 Mb/sec.
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.t has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.ures. and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.
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Monitor gloss
Monitor gloss
MONITOR
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.
Monitor gloss
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field "definition 115" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Application gloss
Application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
Application gloss
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field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Animation gloss
Animation gloss
ANIMATION
a sequence of videoimages - moving screen objects.
Animation gloss
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field "definition 208" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Video Accelerator gloss
Video Accelerator gloss
VIDEO ACCELERATOR
Video accelerators enhance video system performance by taking up tasks normally carried out by the CPU. They are designed for hardware support of certain applications with extended graphics features.
Video Accelerator gloss
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field "definition 304" of page "pc glossary G"
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Coprocessor gloss
Coprocessor gloss
COPROCESSOR
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.
Coprocessor gloss
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field "definition 267" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Resolution gloss
Resolution gloss
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.
Resolution gloss
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field "definition 151" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Video Adaptor gloss
Video Adaptor gloss
VIDEO ADAPTOR
a card which performs image formation and sends it to the monitor. It is usually implemented as a separate expansion board. There are several types of video adaptors, differing in the level of resolution and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.e limited in its capacity.
Video Adaptor gloss
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Protective Screen gloss
detailPage
CRT Monitor gloss
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pc hardware mon prot
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pc hardware mon prot b
Protective Screen
WHAT DOES THE SCREEN PROTECT FROM ?
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
Increased brightness or insufficient contrast of the picture generally effects the user's eyes. The protective screen decreases the general brightness of the picture, and at the same time increases the general contrast. Details with low brightness become fairly well seen. The colors become richer because the protective screen absorbs background grey color. External illumination is decreased and patches of light on its surface are eliminated.
When working with a CRT monitor, a low frequency electromagnetic oscillation is generated by the CRT line and snap scan devices. Deceleration of the electron beam on the inner surface of the kinescope causes a weak X-ray emission, which is mainly absorbed by the CRT bulb material. Static electricity is produced on the external surface of the screen and can be easily felt by touching the display screen with a hand. Although these things have minimal effect it is worthwhile to get rid off them using a protective screen.
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.set. nd is used with desk-top computers.
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PROTECTIVE SCREEN
a special accessory placed in front of the screen to protect user's eyes against excessive glare.
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field "definition 146" of page "pc glossary C"
Protective Screen gloss
Display gloss
CRT MONITOR
a computer monitor with a Cathode Ray Tube. A CRT monitor is usually a separate unit, resembling a compact TV set.
DETAILS
CRT Monitor gloss
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field "definition 46" of page "pc glossary A"
CRT Monitor gloss
DISPLAY
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.
Display gloss
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field "definition 66" of page "pc glossary B"
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Protective Screen
TYPES OF SCREENS
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
Simple mesh screens. These screens absorb patches of light, excessive brightness and increase the contrast. However they are transparent for X-rays, electromagnetic radiation and electrostatic fields.
Micromesh screens with grounding. Application of a mesh with a special electrical conductive coating provides a full range of protections and good optical properties.
Film polarized protective screens are made of thin plastic film with a double-sided polarized coating. They absorb the patches of light completely, considerably increase the contrast, but have the same drawbacks as simple mesh screens.
Glass screens with grounding are manufactured from special types of glass. They protect both from electromagnetic radiation and soft X-rays and also eliminate static electricity. Special covers allow the user to increase the contrast and to suppress the patches of light on the surface of a display.
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APPLICATION
software which is oriented on performing tasks for the user, as opposed to the system programs. There are two kinds of application software - general applications and professional packages.
GlossaryTerm
DISPLAY
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.
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DISPLAY
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.
DETAILS
display gloss
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field "definition 66" of page "pc glossary B"
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Video Adaptor
All video adaptors, except of the Hercules type, support text and graphics modes of operation.
In the text mode the minimal on-screen object is an ASCII character. In this mode part of the computer RAM - "video memory" is used as a prototype of the screen contents. 60-70 times per second the adaptor reads the video memory contents and sends it to the monitor. Each video memory cell corresponds to a fixed screen character cell.
en character cell.
In the graphics mode the minimal screen object is a pixel. Images are stored in the adapter memory. Number of colors and resolution of the image depends on the videosystem and capacity of the adapter storage. Modern adapters (VGA and SVGA) have memory capacity ranging from 256K to some megabytes. Special control commands are used to access the memory.
Both the text and the graphics modes have several submodes that differ in resolution and number of
available colors.
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In the graphics mode the minimal screen object is a pixel. Images are stored in the adaptor memory. Number of colors and resolution of the image depends on the type of the videosystem and capacity of the adaptor memory. Modern adaptors (VGA and SVGA) have memory capacity ranging from 256K to some megabytes. Special commands are used to access the memory. Both the text mode and the graphics mode have several submodes that differ in resolution and number of available colors.s.........
screen object is a pixel. Images are stored in the adapter memory. Number of colors and resolution of the image depends on the videosystem and capacity of the adapter storage. Modern adapters (VGA and SVGA) have memory capacity ranging from 256K to some megabytes. Special control commands are used to access the memory.
Both the text and the graphics modes have several submodes that differ in resolution and number of
available colors.
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TEXT & GRAPHICS MODES
:PHYSSIZE
Super Video Graphics Array- the best non-professional videostandard available for the IBM PC. In comparison with original VGA it supports 256 colors in 640x480 resolution and a high resolution mode of 800x600. It can be equipped with the videomemory up to 1024 Kb..
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GlossaryTerm
Super Video Graphics Array- an advanced videostandard available for the IBM PC. In comparison with original VGA it supports 256 colors in 640x480 resolution and a high resolution mode of 800x600. It can be equipped with the videomemory up to 1024 Kb.e with the MDA, CGA and EGA videostandards..ts capacity.ed in its capacity.
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##Videosystems##
DETAILS
Hercules gloss
Hercules gloss
HERCULES
Hercules Monochrome Display Adaptor - a videostandard which appeared in 1982. It could supports both black-and-white text and graphics with resolution 720x350.
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Hercules gloss
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field "definition 295" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Graphics Mode gloss
GRAPHICS MODE
a mode when a videosystem or a printer can produce graphics images. In the graphics mode the minimum screen object is a pixel or a dot.
Text Mode gloss
Text Mode gloss
TEXT MODE
a mode when a videosystem or a printer can output only text information. In this mode the minimum output object is an ASCII character.
Text Mode gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 300" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
ASCII gloss
ASCII gloss
ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) a table of one-byte codes for characters and symbols. This standard is the main standard in PC computers.
ASCII gloss
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field "definition 8" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
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field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
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Monitor gloss
Monitor gloss
MONITOR
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.
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field "definition 115" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Pixel gloss
Pixel gloss
PIXEL
an elementary dot on the screen. The monitor screen can be seen as a large pixel matrix and the screen image as a collection of pixels of different color.
Pixel gloss
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field "definition 132" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Resolution gloss
Resolution gloss
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.OG
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Resolution gloss
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field "definition 151" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Videosystem gloss
Videosystem gloss
VIDEOSYSTEM
a videoadaptor and a monitor of the same standard.
Videosystem gloss
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field "definition 292" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
VGA gloss
VGA gloss
Video Graphics Array - a videostandard which was introduced in 1987 with the IBM PS/2 model. It had a fixed frequency analog display, 16 colors in 640x480 resolution, 256 colors in 320x200 resolution, videomemory up to 1024 Kb and was backward compatible with the MDA, CGA and EGA videostandards.
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field "definition 298" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
SVGA gloss
SVGA gloss
Super Video Graphics Array- an advanced videostandard available for the IBM PC. In comparison with original VGA it supports 256 colors in 640x480 resolution and a high resolution mode of 800x600. It can be equipped with the videomemory up to 1024 Kb.
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field "definition 299" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Video Adaptor gloss
Video Adaptor gloss
VIDEO ADAPTOR
a card which performs image formation and sends it to the monitor. It is usually implemented as a separate expansion board. There are several types of video adaptors, differing in the level of resolution and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.e limited in its capacity.
Video Adaptor gloss
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Disk Storage
:PHYSSIZE
Disks are the main storage devices used in modern computers. Normally, PC configuration includes: one or more hard disks, 5.25'' and/or 3.5'' floppy disk drives. Recently, CD-ROM drives have also become available.
To use disk storage a computer must be equipped with special hardware that supports control and access to the disk. This hardware includes the disk drive and the disk controller.
Disk drive performs all operations for reading from or writing to a disk. The controller transforms user commands into instructions to the disk drive and supports the data transfer between the disk and the computer.
oppy and CD-ROM disks are removable and exist separately from their drives. Hard disks are usually built into their drives and located inside the system unit.
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GlossaryTerm
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.nufacturer, a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.
Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
Hard Disk gloss
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field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Disk Drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.[(
CD-ROM gloss
CD-ROM gloss
CD-ROM
(Compact Disk - Read Only Memory) - the most widespread kind of optical disk. It resembles a standard audio CD, and can store up to 750 Mb of information, but once recorded by the manufacturer, a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.
CD-ROM gloss
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field "definition 310" of page "pc glossary G"
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Disk Storage gloss
DISK STORAGE
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.o,
Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.s-
Hardware gloss
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field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.il
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Floppy Disks
Exploitation Rules
Standard Formats
Non-standard Formats
Write-protectionection
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Floppy disks are used as movable information storage media. There are two types of floppies - 3.5" and 5.25".
5.25" disks have a round form of 5.25 inches in diameter and are made of a plastic film with the double-sided magnetic coating. The disks are enclosed in a rectangular plastic cover. On both sides of the cover there are symmetric slots and holes to give the read-write heads access to the magnetic surface of the disk. On the right hand side of the cover there is a write-protect notch.
3.5" disks have an improved design as compared with 5.25" disks. They are enclosed in a hard plastic cover which makes it more robust. The head slot is protected by a movable metal slice. There is also a key on the protective cover which prevents the disk from being improperly inserted into the disk drive.
3.5" disks have an improved design as compared with 5.25" disks. They are enclosed in a hard plastic cover which makes it more durable. The head slot is protected by a movable metal slice. There is also a key on the protective cover which prevents the disk from being improperly inserted into the disk drive.
of the cover there are symmetric slots and holes to give the read-write heads access to the magnetic surface of the disk. On the right hand side of the cover there is a write-protect notch.
3.5" disks have an improved design as compared with 5.25" disks. They are enclosed in a hard plastic cover which makes it more robust. The head slot is protected by a movable metal slice. There is also a key on the protective cover which prevents the disk from being improperly inserted into the disk drive.
a kind of movable disk storage. It is a flexible magnetic disk enclosed in a plastic jacket. It should be inserted into a floppy disk drive for operation. Floppy disks provide information storage at low cost and come in two types - 5.25" and 3.5" disks.
Media gloss
Media gloss
MEDIA
external long-term storage media, such as disks and tapes, which operates on the basis of residual magnetism.
Media gloss
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*detailPage
field "definition 107" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Disk Drive gloss
Disk Drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.I,
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Disk Drive gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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field "definition 65" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
5.25@ floppy disk gloss
5.25" FLOPPY DISK
a movable information storage media made of round 5.25" in the diameter flexible film with a magnetic cover and protected with a flexible plastic envelope. Its normal capacity is either 360 Kb (double density) or 1.21 Mb (high density).st. Their normal capacity is either 720 Kb or 1.44 Mb.
GlossaryTerm
3.5" FLOPPY DISK
movable information storage media made of round 3.5" in diameter flexible film with a magnetic coating. 3.5" disks have an improved design as compared with 5.25" disks. They are enclosed in a hard plastic cover which makes them more robust. Their normal capacity is either 720 Kb or 1.44 Mb.
3.5@ floppy disk gloss
3.5" FLOPPY DISK
movable information storage media made of round 3.5" in diameter flexible film with a magnetic coating. 3.5" disks have an improved design as compared with 5.25" disks. They are enclosed in a hard plastic cover which makes them more robust. Their normal capacity is either 720 Kb or 1.44 Mb.
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Hard Disks
:PHYSSIZE
Hard disks are the main type of long-term data storage. Floppy and optical disks are removable and exist separately from their drives. Hard disks are usually built into their drives and located inside the system unit. They provide much more memory space (up to 2 Gb) than floppies and are much faster than optical disks.....
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Hard Disk
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GetGlossary("Floppy",5055,1800,9435,3660)
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Floppy
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GetGlossary("Optical Disk",3525,1785,8010,3360)
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Optical Disk
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GetGlossary("System Unit",4155,2505,8025,3885)
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about
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8 Hard Disk
Controller
Hard Disk Structure
Specification
Partitionss
"pc hardware su ds ds hrd a"
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pc hardware su ds ds hrd a
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pc hardware su ds ds hrd b
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GlossaryTerm
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc., WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.types - 5.25" and 3.5" disks.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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DETAILS
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
Floppy gloss
Floppy gloss
FLOPPY
a kind of movable disk storage. It is a flexible magnetic disk enclosed in a plastic jacket. It should be inserted into a floppy disk drive for operation. Floppy disks provide information storage at low cost and come in two types - 5.25" and 3.5" disks.
Floppy gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 83" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Optical Disk gloss
Optical Disk gloss
OPTICAL DISK
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.y
Optical Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 126" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
System Unit gloss
System Unit gloss
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.]!
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System Unit gloss
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detailPage
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DETAILS
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Hard Disk Controller
The main function of the hard disk controller is to support data flow between RAM and the hard disk drive via the data bus. It arranges the data after reading it from the hard disk into a form acceptable by the CPU or prepares the data for writing into the form used by the hard disk drive.
Controller operation is based on a special interface. This interface determines the standard for the mechanical and electrical communication between the data bus and the hard disk drive.
ard disk drive.
e standard is intended to support the best available values of such important disk storage parameters as data transmission rate, disk access time and disk capacity.
GetGlossary("Hard Disk Controller",3480,1665,9195,3000)
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Hard Disk Controller
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("RAM",3495,1920,8085,4335)
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buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Disk Drive",1335,2160,5895,3375)
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Disk Drive
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Bus",2715,2160,7440,3885)
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buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",2640,2640,7065,4020)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Interface",1905,2355,5715,3330)
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Interface
GetGlossary
The Overall Comparison
How To Choose a Controller
"pc hardware su ds ds hrd con e"
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pc hardware su ds ds hrd con e
"pc hardware su ds ds hrd con a"
buttonUp
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:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
about
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pc hardware su ds ds hrd con
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8 MFM & RLL Standards
about
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8 ESDI Standardveollerer
about
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8 SCSI & IDE Standardsr
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
GlossaryTerm
HARD DISK CONTROLLER
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the hard disk and the RAM via the system bus. It also generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.e computer has been switched off.
is quite limited in its capacity.
Hard Disk Controller gloss
HARD DISK CONTROLLER
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the hard disk and the RAM via the system bus. It also generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
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RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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!detailPage
field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
Disk Drive gloss
Disk Drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.
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Disk Drive gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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field "definition 65" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Bus gloss
Bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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2'detailPage
field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Interface gloss
INTERFACE
a system of agreements and rules for interaction and information exchange.
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Optical Disks
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks:
- CD-ROM - Compact Disk Read Only Memory - resembling audio CD,
- WORM - Write Once, Read Many disks,
- Rewritable optical disks.
For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used. The laser technology makes it possible to pack much more data on the same physical space, and the capacity of optical disks can reach gigabytes. Also optical disks are very robust to electrical or magnetic interference and keep data very reliably.
eliably.
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Optical Disk
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Disk Storage",4995,1395,9015,2520)
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Disk Storage
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GetGlossary("Capacity",4410,1635,8970,3180)
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Capacity
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GetGlossary("CD-ROM",4590,2355,9210,4215)
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CD-ROM
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("WORM",4050,2835,8085,4485)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Rewritable",4245,3075,8460,4665)
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Rewritable
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
cd-rom
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8 CD-ROMiskskstorageces
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8 WORMOMiskskstorageces
magneto
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8 Rewritable Optical Disk
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
REWRITABLE
a kind of optical disk which is based on a combination of laser and magnetic technology. It is a portable disk of high capacity whose contents can be modified whenever required. nufacturer, a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
Optical Disk gloss
OPTICAL DISK
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.
Disk Storage gloss
Disk Storage gloss
DISK STORAGE
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.
Disk Storage gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 57" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Capacity gloss
CAPACITY
the amount of information which can be stored on a storage medium, such as a disk, or can be transmitted as a single unit via a channel, for example bus. Storage capacity is usually measured in Kb and bus capacity in bits.
CD-ROM gloss
CD-ROM gloss
CD-ROM
(Compact Disk - Read Only Memory) - the most widespread kind of optical disk. It resembles a standard audio CD, and can store up to 750 Mb of information, but once recorded by the manufacturer, a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.e!
CD-ROM gloss
objectFromPoint(
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"detailPage
field "definition 310" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
WORM gloss
WORM gloss
Write Once, Read Many - a kind of optical disk which can be written to the user but only once. I.e. once written information cannot be changed or deleted from the WORM.
WORM gloss
objectFromPoint(
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%detailPage
field "definition 311" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
Rewritable gloss
Rewritable gloss
REWRITABLE
a kind of optical disk which is based on a combination of laser and magnetic technology. It is a portable disk of high capacity whose contents can be modified whenever required. U'
Rewritable gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 312" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
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DETAILS
386 gloss
detailPage
field "definition 255" of page "pc glossary F"
386 gloss
386 gloss
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OverDrive & RapidCadd
OverDrive
OverDrive Installation
RapidCad
Characteristics of RapidCad
"pc hardware su mth cpu rap a"
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To meet the ever-growing demands for computer efficiency and productivity, Intel Corp. has introduced a new family of processors that upgrade systems based on the i386 and i486 computers. Chips of the OverDrive and RapidCad families improve the productivity of the existing hardware by substituting the work of the CPU.
GetGlossary("processor",4125,2355,8415,3705)
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processor
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GetGlossary("386",1890,2595,5910,3975)
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GetGlossary("486",2475,2595,6735,4410)
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GetGlossary("Chip",4260,2595,8430,4170)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("OverDrive",4350,2835,8835,4215)
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OverDrive
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("RapidCad",3270,2835,7110,3960)
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RapidCad
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("hardware",4770,3075,8610,4200)
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OverDrive
OverDrive Installation
RapidCad
Characteristics of RapidCad
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OverDrive
OverDrive Installation
RapidCadd
Characteristics of RapidCard
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:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals. existing systems, based on i486SX, i486DX, and i486DX2 microprocessors.aining of the size of a match-box. up to 60 MHz.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
processor gloss
PROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
DETAILS
processor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
processor gloss
486 gloss
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.
RapidCad gloss
OverDrive gloss
DETAILS
OverDrive gloss
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Chip gloss
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(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
DETAILS
486 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
486 gloss
DETAILS
RapidCad gloss
'detailPage
field "definition 272" of page "pc glossary F"
RapidCad gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
OVERDRIVE
a new i486-like processor, based on the double rate technology. These processors are aimed to upgrade existing systems, based on i486SX, i486DX, and i486DX2 microprocessors.
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 271" of page "pc glossary F"
OverDrive gloss
hardware gloss
DETAILS
RAPIDCAD
a new i386-like processor aimed to upgrade existing systems, based on i386 microprocessors.
objectFromPoint(
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HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
hardware gloss
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hardware gloss
pc hardware su mth cpu 586
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Pentium
On 22 March 1993 Intel Corp. announced the shipment of 66 MHz and 60 MHz versions of the Pentium, the microprocessor formerly referred to as the i586 or P5.
This chip is a step further in the 15 year long history of the Intel i80x86 microprocessor family. Pentium is not just a new microprocessor. It is an entirely new and innovative member of the i80x86 family.
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GetGlossary("microprocessor",3495,2085,7680,3435)
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GetGlossary("Chip",1980,2805,6195,4410)
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GetGlossary("i80x86 family",4455,2385,8640,3525)
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:PHYSSIZE
What's Behind the Name ?
Performance
Architecture
Novel Features
Pentium and Software
What is Next???xt?
?next?ext?xt?
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What is next????????ext?next?ext?xt?
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What's behind the name ?
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2Pentium and software
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
I80X86 FAMILY
a range of Intel microprocessors - 8086...80486 and Pentium which are used in all IBM PC compatible microcomputers.hips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
GlossaryDetail
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DETAILS
Pentium gloss
PENTIUM
the latest model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It can operate with the clock rate up to 100 MHz.
microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.9!
microprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Chip gloss
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
i80x86 family gloss
i80x86 family gloss
I80X86 FAMILY
a range of Intel microprocessors - 8086...80486 and Pentium which are used in all IBM PC compatible microcomputers.=%
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Microprocessor i80x866. 80486
Intel Location Intel 80286 Intel 80486SX
Coprocessor Intel 80X87 Intel 80386DX and 386SX The Overall Comparison
Intel 8086/8088 Intel 80486DX and 486DX2
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Intel Location Intel 80286 Intel 80486SX
Coprocessor Intel 80X87 Intel 80386DX and 386SX The overall comparison
Intel 8086/8088 Intel 80486DX and 486DX2
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18K=-
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pc hardware su mth cpu x86 e
19.=0
"pc hardware su mth cpu x86 h"
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pc hardware su mth cpu x86 h
"pc hardware su mth cpu x86 c"
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pc hardware su mth cpu x86 c
"pc hardware su mth cpu x86 f"
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pc hardware su mth cpu x86 f
"pc hardware su mth cpu x86 b"
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18@=,
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Intel Location Intel 80286 Intel 80486SX
Coprocessor Intel 80X87 Intel 80386DX and 386SX The overall comparison
Intel 8086/8088 Intel 80486DX and 486DX2
"pc hardware su mth cpu x86 a"
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The intel familily of 8086...80486 microprocessors is the basis of all IBM PC compatible computers in the world. The first model of the family - the Intel 8086 - was relatively slow by today's standards. It's operating frequency was 4.77 MHz and it could process only 16 bit of data a time and address not more than 1Mb of memory.
The modern Intel 80486 has the operating frequency of up to 66 Mhz, can work with 32 bits of data a time and use up to 4Gb of memory. The power of the PC has reached professional standards.
GetGlossary("8086",4440,1185,8700,2835)
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microprocessor
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Advanced microprocessors require new software which can make use of their powerful abilities. Unfortunately up to recently the only operating system in the IBM PC market was MS-DOS and only during the last two or three years new operating systems like MS Windows, OS/2 and UNIX have become widely spread among users.
GetGlossary("operating
4",1365,2670,5985,4050)
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GlossaryTerm
a multi-user and multi-tasking scalable and portable operating system which can run both network servers and workstation. control. interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.ng system.ftware.tched off. Also internal memory is quite limited in its capacity.mited in its capacity.
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8086 gloss
8086 gloss
(Intel 8086, i8086) the first model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the first IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. It has 16-bit data and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.g3
8086 gloss
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DETAILS
80486 gloss
80486 gloss
80486
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
80486 gloss
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field "definition 258" of page "pc glossary F"
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microprocessor gloss
microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.{9
microprocessor gloss
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
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IBM PC compatible gloss
IBM PC compatible gloss
IBM PC COMPATIBLE
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.
IBM PC compatible gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 279" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
bit gloss
bit gloss
the elementary information unit in computing. Can be either 0 (low) or 1(high).e?
bit gloss
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field "definition 17" of page "pc glossary A"
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address gloss
address gloss
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.SB
address gloss
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field "definition 462" of page "pc glossary J"
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memory gloss
memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
memory gloss
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field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
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operating system gloss
operating system gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
operating system gloss
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field "definition 124" of page "pc glossary C"
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DOS gloss
DOS gloss
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.
DOS gloss
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field "definition 121" of page "pc glossary C"
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MS Windows gloss
MS Windows gloss
MS WINDOWS
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.
MS Windows gloss
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field "definition 460" of page "pc glossary J"
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OS/2 gloss
OS/2 gloss
a 32-bit multi-tasking operating system from IBM. The OS/2 LAN Requester/Server module supports LAN management under OS/2 control.
OS/2 gloss
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UNIX gloss
UNIX gloss
a multi-user and multi-tasking scalable and portable operating system which can run both network servers and workstation.
UNIX gloss
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field "definition 531" of page "pc glossary K"
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pc hardware su mth bus
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System Bus
All computer subsystems and components are connected by lines through which they can exchange commands, data and other signals. These lines are called a bus. The bus is similar to a road by which the CPU communicates with other computer components, e.g. the memory, disk drives, input/output ports etc.
The bus consists of two main components: the bus controller and the communication lines called the system bus. The bus controller determines a standardized set of control signals, such as "Ready", "Attention!" and "Transmit data", and a set of rules on data and signal exchange.
ISA Standard DMA & Interrupts The Burst Transmission
"pc hardware su mth bus f"
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Bus General MCA Standard
Bus Characteristics EISA Standard
PC/XT Bus
ISA Standard
ISA Standard
andard
Interrupts The burst transmission
Interrupts The burst transmission
IC set
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Bus General MCA Standard Attaching New Devices
Bus Characteristics EISA Standard
PC/XT Bus Bus Control
ISA Standard DMA & Interrupts
urst transmission
he burst transmission
nsmission
IC set
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"pc hardware su mth bus g"
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GlossaryTerm
SYSTEM BUS
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller..
bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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memory gloss
memory gloss
MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
memory gloss
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field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
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disk drive gloss
disk drive gloss
DISK DRIVE
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.]6
disk drive gloss
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field "definition 65" of page "pc glossary B"
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Input/Output Port gloss
Input/Output Port gloss
INPUT/OUTPUT PORT
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
Input/Output Port gloss
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bus controller gloss
bus controller gloss
BUS CONTROLLER
a chip which controls the data exchange via the bus of the PC. It is installed on the motherboard and operates in accordance with the bus protocol.
bus controller gloss
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field "definition 21" of page "pc glossary A"
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system bus gloss
SYSTEM BUS
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
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pc hardware su mth mem
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Memory
Read-Only Memory The Memory Performance Extended Memory
Internal memory is intended to keep data and programs that are currently in use by the computer. Only this information can be accessed by the CPU. However, this information is lost when the computer is switched off.
The computer's memory can be figuratively compared to a block of flats, occupied by bytes. To invoke a byte the CPU must know its address and send a request by this address. The byte must obey the request and go to a CPU register where it can be used by the CPU. Bytes don't have any predefined meaning and it is the CPU that has instructions how to use each particular byte. byte.
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.ile - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
Internal memory gloss
INTERNAL MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
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byte gloss
byte gloss
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.
byte gloss
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field "definition 25" of page "pc glossary A"
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address gloss
address gloss
ADDRESS
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.
address gloss
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field "definition 462" of page "pc glossary J"
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register gloss
register gloss
REGISTER
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
register gloss
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field "definition 309" of page "pc glossary G"
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instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
pc hardware su mth int
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##interrupt system##
If any unit or device of a PC needs the help of the CPU it must attract the CPU's attention. To do that it generates an interrupt request and sends it to the processor. This kind of interrupt is called the hardware interrupt since it is initiated by an external device.
Since at any moment several devices can apply to the CPU their requests need scheduling. To coordinate and schedule the hardware interrupt queries the interrupt controller is used. The interrupt controller is an Intel 8259 chip installed on the motherboard. It performs the following operations:
- collects the interrupt requests,
- arranges them into the queue,
- sends to the CPU the request to interrupt its work and the address of the interrupt routine to be performed.
Interrupts that are generated by programs - software interrupts - don't need help of the interrupt controller since they already use the CPU.
an interrupt generated by the currently running program for processing a certain system event by the corresponding interrupt handling routine.
em loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs..
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##Interrupt System##
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#o ,"
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
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Hardware Interrupt gloss
Hardware Interrupt gloss
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
Hardware Interrupt gloss
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field "definition 92" of page "pc glossary B"
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Interrupt Controller gloss
INTERRUPT CONTROLLER
a chip installed on the motherboard which coordinates and schedules interrupt queries from hardware devices to the CPU.
Motherboard gloss
Motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
Motherboard gloss
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field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
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Interrupt Routine gloss
Interrupt Routine gloss
INTERRUPT ROUTINE
a special routine which is started by the CPU to handle particular interrupt. Addresses of interrupt routines are stored in the interrupt vector table. Once the routine is completed, the CPU resumes executing the interrupted program.
Interrupt Routine gloss
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field "definition 547" of page "pc glossary K"
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Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
Software Interrupt gloss
Software Interrupt gloss
SOFTWARE INTERRUPT
an interrupt generated by the currently running program for processing a certain system event by the corresponding interrupt handling routine.
Software Interrupt gloss
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pc hardware su mth tmr
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Timer 8253
The PC timer (microchip 8253) operates as a programmable watch. It generates signals at required (programmed) time intervals. In particular, these signals are used for time measurement by the calendar service of the operating system.
To be programmed the timer is sent the divisor number which determines the delay period the timer must generate between its impulses. The less the divisor is, the faster is the rhythm of the timer pulses. The timer receives the pulses from the clock generator with the frequency of 1.1931817 MHz and in accordance with the delay values (divisors) generates three output pulses..ut pulses.
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.e management, process running etc.f the size of a match-box.
GlossaryDetail
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Timer gloss
TIMER
a unit which is installed on the motherboard and generates signals in certain (programmed) time intervals. In particular, these signals are used for time measurement by the calendar service of the operating system.
Microchip gloss
MICROCHIP
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
Operating System gloss
Operating System gloss
OPERATING SYSTEM
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
Operating System gloss
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field "definition 124" of page "pc glossary C"
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Clock Generator gloss
Clock Generator gloss
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
Clock Generator gloss
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pc hardware su mth spk
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Speaker
Principle of Operation
Speaker Control
Speaker Programming
"pc hardware su mth spk a"
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Up until recently IBM PC compatibles were not very good at sound generation. Actually they were not intended to. The basic type of sound that the PC speaker was intended to play, was very primitive music and sound effects of computer games, warning beeps etc. That's why the PC internal speaker is very simple, quiet and with a very restricted frequency range.
The speaker is installed at the front panel of the system unit and consists of a loud speaker and a control scheme. The control scheme can be programmed to generate different types of sounds and the loud speaker actually plays this sounds.
Nowadays with introduction of Multimedia the sound generation became an important part of Information Technology. For the high quality sound generation a special hardware - sound cards - was introduced. The sound cards can be connected to the speaker however it can't support the quality sound. That's why these cards are usually connected to the external amplifyers and speakers of high quality.gh quality.
GetGlossary("IBM PC Compatible",2970,1200,7560,3075)
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Nowadays with introduction of Multimedia the sound generation became an important part of Information Technology. For the high quality sound generation a special hardware - sound cards - were introduced. The sound cards can be connected to the speaker, however it can't support the quality sound. That's why these cards are usually connected to the external amplifiers and speakers of high quality.ont panel of the system unit and consist of a loud speaker and a control scheme. The control scheme can be programmed to generate different types of sounds and the loud speaker actually plays this sounds.
Nowadays with introduction of Multimedia the sound generation became an important part of Information Technology. For the high quality sound generation a special hardware - sound cards - was introduced. The sound cards can be connected to the speaker however it can't support the quality sound. That's why these cards are usually connected to the external amplifyers and speakers of high quality.gh quality.
GetGlossary("Multimedia",3030,2895,6720,4365)
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GetGlossary("Hardware",1605,3645,5775,4860)
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GetGlossary("Speaker",2835,3870,6990,5085)
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Speaker
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Principle of Operation
Speaker Control
peaker programming
"pc hardware su mth spk a"
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Principle of Operation
2Speaker Control
3Speaker programming
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pc hardware su mth spk a
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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GlossaryTerm
SPEAKER
an built-in speaker of the PC. It is very simple, quiet and has a very restricted frequency range. for digital sound generation and can output digitized sound of very high quality.ch computers. All this computers can run the same software.
IBM PC Compatible gloss
IBM PC Compatible gloss
IBM PC COMPATIBLE
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.
IBM PC Compatible gloss
objectFromPoint(
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$detailPage
field "definition 279" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Games gloss
Games gloss
GAMES
application programs intended for entertainment.
Games gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
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'detailPage
field "definition 418" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
System Unit gloss
System Unit gloss
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.
System Unit gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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field "definition 170" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Multimedia gloss
MULTIMEDIA
an advanced field of computer applications which combine interactive text, graphics, animation, video and sound.U+
Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.Y,
p,x-F
Hardware gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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-detailPage
field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Sound Card gloss
Sound Card gloss
SOUND CARD
a special card which enhances PC sound abilities. This card usually has built-in MIDI interface for digital sound generation and can output digitized sound of very high quality._/
Sound Card gloss
objectFromPoint(
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0detailPage
field "definition 245" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Speaker gloss
SPEAKER
an built-in speaker of the PC. It is very simple, quiet and has a very restricted frequency range.
pc hardware su mth clck
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pc hardware su mth clck a
Clock Generator 8284
Whenever scheduling a date or a business meeting, you must agree with your partners about the time. To do any activity successfully it must be properly coordinated.
The same applies to the computer. It has to coordinate the collaboration of its various modules. Every computer has a clock generator, which generates the synchronizing pulses that are used to regulate the system operation. This process resembles the synchronization of a metronome pendulum. The clock generator can be compared to a conductor setting the rhythm of an orchestra .
The clock generator sends signals to almost all the components, including CPU, videoadaptor, expansion slots, bus etc.c.
RS 232C and the connectors Methods of communication
Serial transmission Methods of the data exchange programming
Port programming Methods of RS 232C connection
Composition of the serial port board
Signals at the connector
Methods of communication
Methods of the data exchange programming
Methods of RS 232C connection
"pc hardware su mth clck a"
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pc hardware su mth clck a
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pc hardware su mth clck c
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.er system.motherboard.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su mth exp
DETAILS
Clock Generator gloss
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
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detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Expansion Slot gloss
Expansion Slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
Expansion Slot gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 75" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
pc hardware other
B"GlossaryDetail"
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GlossaryDetail
Other Devices
Do you want to input color images to your PC? Maybe you wish to send a letter right from your PC using electronic mail?
Special purposes devices can handle all these tasks and many more.
Special purposes devices can handle all these tasks and many more.
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
modem
"pc hardware other modem"
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8 Scanner
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8 Plotter
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pc hardware prn ink c
pc hardware lan
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pc hardware lan a
LAN Equipment
Network Equipment
Starlan Architecture
Arcnet Architecture
Ethernet Architecture
Token Ring Architecture
"pc hardware lan a"
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:PHYSSIZE
Network Equipment
Starlan Architecture
Arcnet Architecture
Ethernet Architecture
Token-Ring Architecture
"pc hardware lan a"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware lan a
Network Equipment
Starlan Architecture
Arcnet Architecture
Ethernet Architecture
Token Ring Architecture
"pc hardware lan a"
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"pc hardware lan b"
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!8E O
"pc hardware lan e"
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:PHYSSIZE
LAN (Local Area Network) equipment is a set of special cards, cables and other items that provide a physical connection of networked computers. Depending on the type of the cable there exist twisted-pair, coaxial-cable and fiber-optic LANs. To be connected to the network cables, computers must be equipped with special interface cards.
There are several types of network architectures which are supported by different equipment and use different types of cables. Computers can be linked into a network using any of several different topologies. To support computer communication via networks special software is used.d.d.e is used.
GetGlossary("LAN",3405,1440,7470,2820)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Local Area Network",3615,1440,7950,2775)
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
LAN gloss
a multi-computer system for linking terminals, programs, storage, and graphics devices at multiple workstations over relatively small geographical areas.
Local Area Network gloss
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
a multi-computer system for linking terminals, programs, storage, and graphics devices at multiple workstations over relatively small geographical areas.
Interface Card gloss
INTERFACE CARD
a data exchange controller, which implements a certain protocol of data exchange.
Network Architecture gloss
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
an organizational concept enabling communications between data processing equipment at different locations, which specifies processors and terminals and defines protocols and software that must be used to accomplish accurate data communication.
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
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field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
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Storage Devices
:PHYSSIZE
Disks and streamer tapes are external storage media. External storage has two advantages over the RAM:
1. No power supply is needed to keep the data.
2. It can store large amounts of data.
Disks are the main type of the long-term storage. Your PC can work with different types of disks: hard disk, floppy disk and optical disk.
Data and programs, stored on an external storage media, must be loaded to the RAM before use.
grams, stored on an external storage media, must be loaded to RAM before use.
file is accessible by its unique name. Files are grouped into directories as books are arranged on shelves in a bookcase. Data and programs, stored on a disk, should be loaded to RAM before use.
k, should be loaded to RAM before use.
GetGlossary("Disk",1740,1875,5385,3315)
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GetGlossary("Streamer",2910,1890,6720,3390)
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Streamer
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GetGlossary("Media",1485,2115,5460,3405)
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Media
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GetGlossary("RAM",480,2370,5415,4545)
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GetGlossary("Power Supply",3510,2610,7125,3990)
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Power Supply
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GetGlossary("Hard Disk",1350,2070,5715,3795)
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Hard Disk
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GetGlossary("Floppy Disk",3165,1335,6855,3795)
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buttonUp
Floppy Disk
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Optical Disk",4290,1995,8370,3795)
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Optical Disk
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Program",870,2100,6765,4275)
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Program
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
magnetic
"pc hardware su ds str"
tonup
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8 StreamerrTape Devices
magnetic
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8 Disk Storagee Devices
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DETAILS
GlossaryTerm
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
Disk gloss
Disk gloss
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.
Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 57" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Streamer gloss
Streamer gloss
STREAMER
a device for storing information on tapes. Though it is slow, it can store large amounts of information. It is particularly useful for archiving.
Streamer gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
!detailPage
field "definition 166" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Media gloss
MEDIA
external long-term storage media, such as disks and tapes, which operates on the basis of residual magnetism.5#
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
&detailPage
field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
Power Supply gloss
Power Supply gloss
POWER SUPPLY
a voltage transformation device. It is incorporated in the system unit and is used to provide the power supply for all computer modules.
Power Supply gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
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(detailPage
field "definition 137" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Hard Disk gloss
Hard Disk gloss
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
Hard Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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+detailPage
field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Floppy Disk gloss
Floppy Disk gloss
FLOPPY DISK
a kind of movable disk storage. It is a flexible magnetic disk enclosed in a plastic jacket. It should be inserted into a floppy disk drive for operation. Floppy disks provide information storage at low cost and come in two types - 5.25" and 3.5" disks.
*.2/^
Floppy Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
detailPage
details
F/detailPage
field "definition 83" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Optical Disk gloss
Optical Disk gloss
OPTICAL DISK
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.G1
Optical Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
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details
~2detailPage
field "definition 126" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.ails
pc hardware su ds str
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B"GlossaryDetail"
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pc hardware su ds str a
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Streamer
Streamer Data Cartridge
Characteristics
Connection
Operating the Streamer
ating the streamer
"pc hardware su ds str a"
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pc hardware su ds str a
"pc hardware su ds str b"
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pc hardware su ds str b
"pc hardware su ds str c"
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pc hardware su ds str c
"pc hardware su ds str d"
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pc hardware su ds str d
A streamer is a device for storing data on magnetic tapes. Actually it is very like an ordinary tape recoder. Streamers are available in two models: external and internal. An internal streamer is located in the system block next to the 5.25" floppy disk drive. An external streamer is attached to the computer via its controller installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard.
The major advantage of streamers is large data storage capacity and small cost of storage media. The main disadvantage is a relatively low speed of data access.
In contrast to disk storage, streamers have sequential data access: if a required data block is stored at the end of the cartridge a certain time is needed to wind the tape. That is why streamers are used only as a backup storage while disks are used as a run time long term storage.
orage.
a run time long term storage.
are used as run time long term storage.
GetGlossary("Streamer",3930,1440,8640,2655)
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buttonUp
Streamer
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("System Block",4215,2160,8385,3525)
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buttonUp
System Block
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("5.25@ Floppy Disk Drive",1905,1770,4785,4650)
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buttonUp
5.25@ Floppy Disk Drive
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Expansion Slot",3840,2880,7500,4200)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Expansion Slot
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Motherboard",3030,2880,7365,4425)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Motherboard
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Media",4350,2235,8415,3375)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Media
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Disk Storage",4830,2985,9060,4080)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Disk Storage
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Sequential Data Access",3765,2700,8265,4305)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Sequential Data Access
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Long Term Storage",3000,3405,8235,5235)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Long Term Storage
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
Streamer Data Cartridge
Characteristics
Connection
perating the streamer
ating the streamer
"pc hardware su ds str a"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su ds str a
"pc hardware su ds str b"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su ds str b
"pc hardware su ds str c"
buttonUp
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Streamer Data Cartridge
2Characteristics
2Connection
3Operating the streamer
ating the streamer
"pc hardware su ds str a"
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:PHYSSIZE
5.25" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
a disk drive intended for working with 5.25" floppy disks.
5.25" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
a disk drive intended for working with 5.25" floppy disks.
5.25" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
a disk drive intended for working with 5.25" floppy disks.
Streamer gloss
STREAMER
a device for storing information on tapes. Though it is slow, it can store large amounts of information. It is particularly useful for archiving.
System Block gloss
System Block gloss
SYSTEM BLOCK
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.
System Block gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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#detailPage
field "definition 170" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Expansion Slot gloss
Expansion Slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
Expansion Slot gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
&detailPage
field "definition 75" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Motherboard gloss
Motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
Motherboard gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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details
)detailPage
field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Media gloss
Media gloss
MEDIA
external long-term storage media, such as disks and tapes, which operates on the basis of residual magnetism.3+
Media gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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detailPage
details
b,detailPage
field "definition 107" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Disk Storage gloss
Disk Storage gloss
DISK STORAGE
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.
Disk Storage gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
details
8/detailPage
field "definition 57" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Sequential Data Access gloss
SEQUENTIAL DATA ACCESS
In contrast to the disks, a data frame on a streamer tape can be accessed only after some rewinding. This is called sequential access and the access speed depends on the frame's location on the media.
Long Term Storage gloss
Long Term Storage gloss
LONG TERM STORAGE
a data storage media used for storing data for a long time. This kind of storage can keep information even after the computer has been switched off. The capacity of the long-term storage can be huge. However to use the data the computer must read (load) it into its internal memory. Usually this term refers to disks.
Long Term Storage gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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,4detailPage
field "definition 196" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
5.25" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
a disk drive intended for working with 5.25" floppy disks.
GlossaryTerm
5.25" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
a disk drive intended for working with 5.25" floppy disks. kind of storage can keep information even after the computer has been switched off. The capacity of the long-term storage can be huge. However to use the data the computer must read (load) it into its internal memory. Usually this term refers to disks.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su ds ds flp dr c
DETAILS
5.25@ Floppy Disk Drive gloss
5.25@ Floppy Disk Drive gloss
5.25" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
a disk drive intended for working with 5.25" floppy disks. kind of storage can keep information even after the computer has been switched off. The capacity of the long-term storage can be huge. However to use the data the computer must read (load) it into its internal memory. Usually this term refers to disks.
5.25@ Floppy Disk Drive gloss
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su ds ds flp dr c
DETAILS
pc hardware mon prot
pc hardware su ds ds opt wrm
pc hardware other modem e
pc hardware other modem k
pc hardware man mouse d
pc hardware prn las a
pc hardware su mth cpu rap a
pc hardware su mth cpu 586 c
pc software prog b
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom d
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pc software prog f
pc software pack spread
pc software pack word i
pc software sys os multi winnt
pc software pack busi
pc software sys os multi winnt b
pc software sys os multi winnt a
pc software sys os multi winnt c
##Modem Protocol##
pc hardware mon char
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Image Characteristics
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
Image quality is mainly determined by the following display characteristics:
a) The directional pattern determines the picture quality when one looks at the display at different angles. This parameter is most important for the liquid crystal displays.
b) Screens are characterized by a response time to the videosignal. This parameter should correspond to the reaction speed of a human eye, which is not able to notice changes faster than 0.01 sec. This parameter is of special importance for the liquid crystal displays because of the chemical properties of the liquid crystals themselves.
The resolution and the color set are standard for each videosystem. Resolution is determined by the size of the elementary screen unit (pixel ) and by the amount of pixels per square unit of the screen. The smaller the pixel is - the more pixels on the screen, the higher the quality of the picture. An adequate perception of the picture is possible with a pixel size of 50 microns from the distance of 20 cm. Also resolution depends directly on the videomemory capacity.
GetGlossary("Videosignal",3120,1680,7200,3000)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Videosignal
GetGlossary
c) The resolution and the color set are standard for each videosystem. Resolution is determined by the size of the elementary screen unit (pixel ) and by the number of pixels per square unit of the screen. The smaller the pixel is - the more pixels on the screen, the higher the quality of the picture. An adequate perception of the picture is possible with a pixel size of 50 microns from a distance of 20 cm. Also resolution depends directly on the videomemory capacity.
al importance for the liquid crystal displays because of the chemical properties of the liquid crystals themselves.
c) The resolution and the color set are standard for each videosystem. Resolution is determined by the size of the elementary screen unit (pixel ) and by the amount of pixels per square unit of the screen. The smaller the pixel is - the more pixels on the screen, the higher the quality of the picture. An adequate perception of the picture is possible with a pixel size of 50 microns from the distance of 20 cm. Also resolution depends directly on the videomemory capacity.
GetGlossary("Resolution",585,3435,4125,4530)
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buttonUp
Resolution
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Videosystem",2910,3645,6570,4515)
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buttonUp
Videosystem
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Pixel",2850,3450,6975,4755)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Pixel
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Videomemory",2415,3420,7965,5475)
buttonUp
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Videomemory
GetGlossary
GlossaryTerm
VIDEOMEMORY
a part of the RAM where the screen image is stored. It is usually installed on the video adaptor board. A display adaptor reads this area of memory and redraws the screen image 60--70 times a second. Any change in the contents of the videomemory results in a change of the screen image. Each cell of the videomemory corresponds to a certain position on the display.
GlossaryDetail
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buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
pc hardware mon adap b
DETAILS
Videosignal gloss
Videosignal gloss
VIDEOSIGNAL
an electric signal generated by the video adaptor to the monitor. The videosignal determines the brightness and color for each dot on the screen.y
Videosignal gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 185" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Resolution gloss
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.
Videosystem gloss
Videosystem gloss
VIDEOSYSTEM
a videoadaptor and a monitor of the same standard.
Videosystem gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 292" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Pixel gloss
PIXEL
an elementary dot on the screen. The monitor screen can be seen as a large pixel matrix and the screen image as a collection of pixels of different color.
Videomemory gloss
Videomemory gloss
VIDEOMEMORY
a part of the RAM where the screen image is stored. It is usually installed on the video adaptor board. A display adaptor reads this area of memory and redraws the screen image 60--70 times a second. Any change in the contents of the videomemory results in a change of the screen image. Each cell of the videomemory corresponds to a certain position on the display.
Videomemory gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
#detailPage
field "definition 184" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
pc hardware man
B"GlossaryDetail"
enterPage
leavePage
enterPage
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GlossaryDetail
"*$z'f(|+
prevPage
pc hardware keyb k
nextPage
pc hardware man mouse
Manipulators
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
mouse
"pc hardware man mouse"
tonup
mouseenter
buttonup
mouseleave
buttonup
0,100,0
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mouseenter
120,50,100
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pc hardware man
0,100,0
8 Mouse
"mouse"
"pc hardware man
tonup
mouseenter
buttonup
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buttonup
mouse
0,100,0
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mouseenter
mouse
120,50,100
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pc hardware man
mouse
0,100,0
"joystick"
"pc hardware man
tonup
mouseenter
buttonup
mouseleave
buttonup
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0,100,0
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mouseleave
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0,100,0
joystick
"pc hardware man joy"
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buttonup
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0,100,0
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120,50,100
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0,100,0
8 Joystick
"other"
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tonup
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buttonup
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buttonup
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0,100,0
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120,50,100
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0,100,0
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buttonup
0,100,0
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120,50,100
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8 Other Manipulators
"other"
"pc hardware man
tonup
mouseenter
buttonup
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buttonup
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0,100,0
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120,50,100
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The standard way to operate the computer is to type commands on the keyboard. Manipulators make life easier. Instead of boring typing they provide more intuitive "touch-and-execute" interaction.
Manipulators are intended to control objects on the screen and to determine how to treat these objects in accordance with a particular application. The mouse is the most popular manipulator and plays the key role in modern Graphical Interfaces. Other manipulators are more application oriented and are mainly used in computer drawing, simulators and games.
GetGlossary("Keyboard",4395,1905,9435,3480)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Keyboard
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Manipulator",4710,2145,8535,3525)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Manipulator
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Mouse",3045,1980,7605,3585)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Mouse
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Games",6225,3930,9225,4785)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Games
GetGlossary
GlossaryTerm
GAMES
application programs intended for entertainment.ted by moving it on a desktop or on a special pad and pressing the buttons. Movement of the mouse corresponds to the movement of the pointer (cursor) on the screen.control keys to facilitate computer operation.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
$detailPage
pc software pack game
DETAILS
Keyboard gloss
Keyboard gloss
KEYBOARD
a device, which provides input of commands and data in real time. The keyboard is a part of the standard PC configuration. It is based on the traditional typewriter keyboard, but has additional functional and control keys to facilitate computer operation.
Keyboard gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
8'detailPage
field "definition 103" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Manipulator gloss
MANIPULATOR
a device which lets the user control the computer without using the keyboard. The most common manipulators are mice and joysticks.
Mouse gloss
Mouse gloss
MOUSE
the most popular manipulator. The mouse is operated by moving it on a desktop or on a special pad and pressing the buttons. Movement of the mouse corresponds to the movement of the pointer (cursor) on the screen.
Mouse gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
:+detailPage
field "definition 117" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Games gloss
Games gloss
GAMES
application programs intended for entertainment.
Games gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
-detailPage
field "definition 418" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
pc hardware su
B"GlossaryDetail"
enterPage
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enterPage
leavePage
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nextPage
pc hardware su mth
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pc hardware
System Unit
:PHYSSIZE
power
"pc hardware su power"
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0,100,0
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120,50,100
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"power"
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8 Storage Devices
"disk"
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mother
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- mbrd"
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8 Motherboarddddd
"mother"
"pc hardware su mth"
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0,100,0
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The system unit is the very heart of PC. It includes the most important PC units assembled in the system unit case.
The unit components provide data processing, power supply, data storage and means for other devices attachement. To see the unit inside you have to open the cover. The method of opening the cover depends on the type of the system unit case. There are three kind of the cases: desktop, mini-tower and tower.
GetGlossary("
4unit",4260,1260,8580,2640)
buttonUp
buttonUp
system unit
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GetGlossary("power supply",4935,1470,8625,2865)
buttonUp
buttonUp
power supply
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Desk-
LComputer",4815,4230,8760,5085)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Desk-top Computer
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("mini-tower",5910,4140,9315,5040)
buttonUp
buttonUp
mini-tower
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("tower",5010,3870,8505,5295)
buttonUp
buttonUp
tower
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
POWER SUPPLY
a voltage transformation device. It is incorporated in the system unit and is used to provide the power supply for all computer modules.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
!detailPage
pc hardware su pow
DETAILS
system unit gloss
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.5#
power supply gloss
power supply gloss
POWER SUPPLY
a voltage transformation device. It is incorporated in the system unit and is used to provide the power supply for all computer modules.g$
power supply gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
%detailPage
field "definition 137" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Desk-top Computer gloss
DESK-TOP COMPUTER
a computer of non-portable design which is intended to be kept on the desk.
mini-tower gloss
MINI-TOWER
nonportable vertical design of the PC system unit.m'
tower gloss
TOWER
nonportable vertical design of the PC system unit used mainly for file servers and other powerful PC configurations.
a device which le
pc hardware su mth exp
B"GlossaryDetail"
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GlossaryDetail
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pc hardware su mth tmr b
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pc hardware su mth spk
Expansion Slotss
At the rear side of the motherboard there are from 4 to 8 connectors running parallel to each other. These connectors are called expansion slots. They are used to hook up various electronic devices and units to the PC system bus thus tailoring the PC configuration to the user needs.
Computers are usually manufactured with the video adaptor card, disk drive controller card and I/O port card installed into expansion slots. Other cards often attached via expansion slots are: memory expansion card, turbo speed card, local area network adaptors, modem, analog-to-digital converter, sound card, etc.
GetGlossary("Local Area Network",4515,3180,8775,4650)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Local Area Network
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Modem",3450,2280,8370,4665)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Modem
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Analog-
-Digital Converter",4155,3750,8520,4890)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Analog-to-Digital Converter
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Sound Card",3660,3390,8280,4875)
buttonUp
buttonUp
Sound Card
GetGlossary
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, extension slots, etc.
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system (local) bus is the main communication channel of the PC. The CPU also has its own internal bus.
VIDEO ADAPTER
a card which performs image formation and sends it to the monitor. It usually is implemented as a separate extension board. There are several types of video adapters, differing in the level of resolution and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.
GlossaryTerm
SOUND CARD
a special card which enhances PC sound abilities. This card usually has built-in MIDI interface for digital sound generation and can output digitized sound of very high quality.er's digital signals into analog signals (modulation) which can be transmitted along telephone lines; when receiving data it works the other way round (demodulation).
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
pc software pack music
DETAILS
Motherboard gloss
Motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
Motherboard gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 116" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Expansion Slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
System Bus gloss
System Bus gloss
SYSTEM BUS
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
System Bus gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
#detailPage
field "definition 20" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Disk Drive Controller gloss
Disk Drive Controller gloss
DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the disk drive and the RAM via a bus. It generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
Disk Drive Controller gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
N'detailPage
field "definition 59" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Port gloss
Port gloss
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
H*detailPage
field "definition 135" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Expansion Card gloss
EXPANSION CARD
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.',
Local Area Network gloss
Local Area Network gloss
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
a multi-computer system for linking terminals, programs, storage, and graphics devices at multiple workstations over relatively small geographical areas.
Local Area Network gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
.detailPage
field "definition 328" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
Modem gloss
Modem gloss
MODEM
-MOdulator-DEModulator - a device used for communication between computers via ordinary telephone lines. It is connected to the serial port. When sending data it transforms the computer's digital signals into analog signals (modulation) which can be transmitted along telephone lines; when receiving data it works the other way round (demodulation).)1
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Modem gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
X2detailPage
field "definition 113" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Analog-to-Digital Conve gloss
Analog-to-Digital Conve gloss
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
a device which converts continuous analog signals into discrete digital ones. Used, for example, in scanners.
64>5<
Analog-to-Digital Conve gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
R5detailPage
field "definition 4" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Sound Card gloss
Sound Card gloss
SOUND CARD
a special card which enhances PC sound abilities. This card usually has built-in MIDI interface for digital sound generation and can output digitized sound of very high quality.%7
>7F8M
Sound Card gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
Z8detailPage
field "definition 245" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
Video Adaptor gloss
Video Adaptor gloss
VIDEO ADAPTOR
a card which performs image formation and sends it to the monitor. It is usually implemented as a separate expansion board. There are several types of video adaptors, differing in the level of resolution and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.e limited in its capacity.
Video Adaptor gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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;detailPage
pc hardware mon adap
DETAILS
pc hardware su pow
pc hardware su mth exp
pc hardware su ds ds
pc hardware mon crt c
pc hardware man joy d
pc hardware man mouse a
pc basics abc e
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom a
pc software pack spread g
pc basics package e
pc software sys os LAN c
pc software firm c
pc software sys os LAN m
##Videosystems##
pc hardware su port
B"GlossaryDetail"
enterPage
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GlossaryDetail
'6**+
prevPage
pc hardware su ds str d
nextPage
pc hardware su port ser
Ports
"pc hardware su port par"
buttonup
buttonup
pc hardware su port par
Parallel Port
:PHYSSIZE
"pc hardware su port ser"
ouseenter
mouseleave
mouseenter
buttonup
mouseenter
mouseleave
buttonup
pc hardware su port ser
"pc hardware su port ser"
buttonup
buttonup
pc hardware su port ser
Serial Port
"pc hardware su port par"
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There are two ways to connect new peripherals to your PC. First, a new device can be connected directly to the internal bus, using the expansion slot. Another way is to connect it via one of the communication ports.
PCs configuration usually includes three communication ports - one parallel port and two serial ones. In particular, a mouse is always attached to one of the serial ports, and a printer - to the parallel one.
Port is a data buffer that has an address and can be accessed by the CPU. However, all the data exchange operations require special control devices. That's why every port has its own controller that provides the communication interface.
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.inter (cursor) on the screen.fer before it is accessed by the CPU.
Expansion Slot gloss
Expansion Slot gloss
EXPANSION SLOT
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
Expansion Slot gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 75" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Communication Port gloss
COMMUNICATION PORT
the serial or parallel port.+
Parallel Port gloss
Parallel Port gloss
PARALLEL PORT
a PC communication port which is mostly used for printer attachment. It transmits all the bits of every byte simultaneously.
Parallel Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
!detailPage
field "definition 127" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Mouse gloss
Mouse gloss
MOUSE
the most popular manipulator. The mouse is operated by moving it on a desktop or on a special pad and pressing the buttons. Movement of the mouse corresponds to the movement of the pointer (cursor) on the screen.
Mouse gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
$detailPage
field "definition 117" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Serial Port gloss
Serial Port gloss
SERIAL PORT
a data transmission unit inside the system block, which transmits all the bits of every byte sequentially.
Serial Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
d'detailPage
field "definition 160" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Printer gloss
Printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.
Printer gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
)detailPage
field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Buffer gloss
BUFFER
an area of storage used to hold blocks of data and to compensate for difference in rate of data flow during transferral from one device to another.g+
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
-detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Controller gloss
CONTROLLER
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.
pc hardware su port ser
showDetails()
B"GlossaryDetail"
hideDetails()
enterPage
leavePage
enterPage
showDetails
leavePage
GlossaryDetail
hideDetails
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pc hardware su port
nextPage
pc hardware su port ser d
Serial Port
:PHYSSIZE
A serial port is used to provide data exchange between a PC and a remote device using the smallest amount of wires. The port is called "serial" because, when transmitting, each byte is transformed into a series of bits. Two wires are enough to connect two devices via the serial port. A device can be up to several hundreds meters away when connected to a PC via the serial port.
PCs are usually equipped with two serial ports: COM1 and COM2.
GetGlossary("Port",1215,1590,5985,2925)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Byte",4440,2310,8820,3660)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Bit",3690,2550,7950,3405)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("COM1",5445,2580,9285,3270)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("COM2",4080,2820,8265,3510)
buttonUp
buttonUp
GetGlossary
Serial Transmission Methods of Communication
Serial Port Controller Signals at the Connector
Installation Controller Scheme
RS232C Port Programming
RS232C Connection
"pc hardware su port ser d"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser d
"pc hardware su port ser h"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser h
"pc hardware su port ser a"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser a
"pc hardware su port ser g"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser g
"pc hardware su port ser b"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser b
"pc hardware su port ser f"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser f
"pc hardware su port ser c"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser c
"pc hardware su port ser e"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser e
"pc hardware su port ser i"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser i
Serial Transmission Methods of Communication
Serial Port Controller Signals at the Connector
Installation
RS232C
RS232C Connection
RS232C connection
RS232C connection
"pc hardware su port ser d"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser d
"pc hardware su port ser h"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser h
"pc hardware su port ser a"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser a
"pc hardware su port ser g"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser g
"pc hardware su port ser b"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser b
"pc hardware su port ser c"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser c
"pc hardware su port ser i"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser i
Serial Transmission
Serial Port Controller
Installation
RS232C Connection
lation
RS232C connection
lation
RS232C connection
RS232C connection
amming
RS232C connection
"pc hardware su port ser d"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser d
"pc hardware su port ser a"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser a
"pc hardware su port ser b"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser b
"pc hardware su port ser i"
buttonUp
buttonUp
pc hardware su port ser i
X":PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
name of the second serial port of the PC.ng. Can be either 0 (low) or 1(high). of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.eripheral device.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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$detailPage
pc hardware su port ser e
DETAILS
Port gloss
Port gloss
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
Port gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
'detailPage
field "definition 135" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Byte gloss
Byte gloss
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.w)
Byte gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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*detailPage
field "definition 25" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Bit gloss
Bit gloss
the elementary information unit in computing. Can be either 0 (low) or 1(high).
Bit gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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field "definition 17" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
COM1 gloss
COM1 gloss
name of the first serial port of the PC.c.
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COM1 gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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detailPage
details
/detailPage
field "definition 35" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
COM2 gloss
COM2 gloss
name of the second serial port of the PC.
COM2 gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
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1detailPage
field "definition 36" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
pc hardware su port par
InitAni("olaf_pr2.fli",10,60,0,0,3)
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B"GlossaryDetail"
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pc hardware su port par a
Parallel Port
Parallel Port Controller
Centronics Interface
Parallel Port Connector
Byte Transmission
Pinouts of the Parallel Port
"pc hardware su port par a"
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"pc hardware su port par b"
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Usually PCs are equipped with one parallel port that is used mostly for sending data byte by byte to a printer. It is implemented on the special board that is installed on the rear side of the system unit and is named AUX.
Unlike the serial port, the parallel port transmits all the bits of a byte at a time. Each bit has its own wire and therefore the transmission is significantly faster than via the serial port. The transmission rate can reach up to 1 000 000 bps.
a unit of data exchange rate: number of bits transferred per second.- bits per second. of every byte sequentially. power supply, disk drives etc.
Parallel Port gloss
PARALLEL PORT
a PC communication port which is mostly used for printer attachment. It transmits all the bits of every byte simultaneously.
Printer gloss
Printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.w3
Printer gloss
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field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
System Unit gloss
System Unit gloss
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.U6
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System Unit gloss
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field "definition 170" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
AUX gloss
name of the parallel communication port of the PC.
Serial Port gloss
Serial Port gloss
SERIAL PORT
a data transmission unit inside the system block, which transmits all the bits of every byte sequentially.
Serial Port gloss
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field "definition 160" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Transmission Rate gloss
TRANSMISSION RATE
speed of data transmission. Usually measured in bauds - bits per second.
BPS gloss
a unit of data exchange rate: number of bits transferred per second.
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Motherboard
Main units and devices .that support the process of computing are manufactured altogether on the motherboard. Actually the motherboard configuration determines the computing resources of the PC system. The main component of the motherboard and entire PC system is the Central Processing Unit. It performs data processing by fetching instructions and data from the memory.
Peripheral devices are attached to the motherboard via expansion slots and their communication with the CPU is organized by the interrupt controller. The bus ensures the data and instructions traffic between the CPU and peripherals. The collaboration of all these modules is synchronized by the clock generator.
a disk drive intended for working with 5.25" floppy disks.
GlossaryTerm
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.the PC. mer, expansion slots, etc. its own internal bus.
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motherboard gloss
MOTHERBOARD
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.
CPU gloss
CPU gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
CPU gloss
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
interrupt controller gloss
interrupt controller gloss
INTERRUPT CONTROLLER
a chip installed on the motherboard which coordinates and schedules interrupt queries from hardware devices to the CPU.
interrupt controller gloss
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field "definition 281" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
bus gloss
bus gloss
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC.
bus gloss
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field "definition 19" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
clock generator gloss
clock generator gloss
CLOCK GENERATOR
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.
clock generator gloss
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field "definition 31" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
pc hardware su mth
pc hardware su ds
pc hardware mon crt d
pc hardware mon lcd b
pc hardware other modem g
pc hardware other modem i
pc hardware prn las e
##Interrupt System##
pc hardware su mth cpu 586 a
pc basics hist f
pc basics hist b
pc basics package
pc basics abc
pc software pack word c
pc basics package h
pc software sys os LAN d
pc software firm d
pc software sys os multi unix b
pc software sys os LAN l
pc software sys os multi unix f
pc hardware su mth cpu
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The Central Processing Unit (CPU or processor) is obviously the most important part of the computer. It is the CPU that performs actual data processing and operates with all other components, units and devices thus organizing the work of the entire computer system. Actually the processor executes programs and these programs determine the exact operation of the computer system.
To be executed by the CPU programs are kept in the computer's internal memory. The CPU reads and executes instructions of a program one by one. To access to peripheral devices the CPU can execute standard calls known as interrupt routines.
a special routine which is started by the CPU to handle particular interrupt. Addresses of interrupt routines are stored in the interrupt vector table. Once the routine is completed, the CPU resumes executing the interrupted program.
t and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs..
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##Interrupt System##
DETAILS
Central Processing Unit gloss
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
internal memory gloss
internal memory gloss
INTERNAL MEMORY
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
internal memory gloss
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field "definition 197" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
instruction gloss
INSTRUCTION
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.
peripheral device gloss
PERIPHERAL DEVICE
a device which can be attached to the PC. The most often used peripheral devices are printers, modems, scanners etc.
Interrupt Routine gloss
Interrupt Routine gloss
INTERRUPT ROUTINE
a special routine which is started by the CPU to handle particular interrupt. Addresses of interrupt routines are stored in the interrupt vector table. Once the routine is completed, the CPU resumes executing the interrupted program.
Interrupt Routine gloss
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DETAILS
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pc software pack prof d
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Professional Application
:PHYSSIZE
DESKTOP PUBLISHING PACKAGESssssss
Desktop publishing or DTP packages are designed for producing documents to the standards of the publishing industry. Such documents usually combine graphics and charts with sophisticated page layouts. The most difficult, tedious and time-consuming processes of conventional publishing are done with the help of the computer. After the document is ready it is possible to print it out using a laser printer.
Using DTPs it is easy to change page formats and layouts, use various fonts, merge text with graphics and spreadsheets to suit the style and design of the document. Documents are displayed on-screen in WYSIWYG mode.
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GetGlossary("Spreadsheet",4995,2580,7875,4170)
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DTP stores the on-screen image in a file with a special format to be copied to the printer or sent to a publishing house for final printing. When producing a color publication, a DTP package provides special color separation techniques to suit publishing house standards.
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GlossaryTerm
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.perating system as a distinct entity.t calculations. usually include sophisticated page-layout and graphics capabilities.cs capabilities.
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Dtp systems gloss
DTP SYSTEMS
professional application software used to produce documents to the standards of the publishing industry. These packages usually include sophisticated page-layout and graphics capabilities.
Laser Printer gloss
Laser Printer gloss
LASER PRINTER
the most advanced type of printers which uses a laser beam for image generation.
Laser Printer gloss
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field "definition 263" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Font gloss
Font gloss
a set of images of the alphabet characters. Every font has a particular size, style and design.
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Font gloss
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field "definition 85" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Spreadsheet gloss
Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
Spreadsheet gloss
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field "definition 164" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Wysiwyg gloss
Wysiwyg gloss
WYSIWYG
a user interface based on the "What You See Is What You Get" principle assumes that the displayed picture is very close to the final look of the document.
Wysiwyg gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 529" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
File gloss
File gloss
a logical unit in data storage. It has its own name and is stored by the operating system as a distinct entity.
File gloss
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field "definition 80" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Printer gloss
Printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.
Printer gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
pc glossary D
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QdSNT
Part IVy - Part IV
:PHYSSIZE
related 151
Printer
Display
Video Adaptor
related 152
Memory
ROM BIOS BIOS
related 153
File System
Directory
Subdirectory
Operating System
related 154
Interface
Serial Port
Communication Package
related 155
Serial Port
Expansion Slot
Controller
related 156
Peripheral Device
Printer
Plotter
related 157
Application Package
Communication Package
Integrated Package9
related 158
Disk Physical Parameters
Hard Disk
Diskette
Disk Track
Cylinderr
related 159
Operating System Booting
ROM BIOSg
related 160
Communication Device
RS232C
UARTT
related 161
Program
Utilitylityry
ROM BIOS
related 162
Disk Drive
Disk Drive Head
Disk Physical Parameters
related 163
Hardware
Scientific Package
Application Package
Communication Package
Integrated Package
Operating System
related 164
Database System
Graphics Editor
Music Editor
Software
Text Editor
User Interface
related 165
Programming Language
Program
related 166
Magnetic Media
Sequential Data Access
Streamer Cartridge
related 167
Directory
Root Directory
File System
Operating System7
related 168
Motherboard
Peripheral Device
related 169
Matrix Printer
CRT Monitor
Text Mode)
related 170
Motherboard
Peripheral Device
Expansion Slot
related 171
AUTOEXEC.BAT
CONFIG.SYS
Path#
related 172
Timer
System Calendar Interface
related 173
Application Package
Database System
Graphics Editor
Spreadsheet
Text Editor
User Interface
Music Editor
related 174
Text Cursor
Cursor
User Interface
Text Mode
related 175
Coprocessor
Microchip
Programmed Timer
Memory Regeneration
8284 Clock GeneratorRegeneration
8284 Clock Generator
related 176
Mini-Tower
Desk-Top3
related 177
Disk Physical Parameters
Low-Level Formatting
Cylinder
Sector
related 178
Access Time
Track
Read/Write Head
related 179
Manipulator
Mouse
Joystick
Control Tablet
Light Pen
related 180
Communication Device
RS232C
Serial Port
Chipp
related 181
Interface
related 182
Command Line Interface
Full Screen Interface
related 183
System Utility
Operating System
Program
related 184
Video Adaptor Adapter
related 185
Video Adaptor
Monitor
related 186
Disk Logical Structure
Operating System
System Utility
Root Directory
High-Level Formattingg
related 187
Memory
BIOS Interrupt TableOS Interrupt Tabletemr Table
Interrupt
related 188
Operating System
ROM BIOS
Interrupt Vector Table
related 189
Operating System
ROM BIOS
BIOS Data Area
Buffer
Keyboardyboard
related 190
Operating System
ROM BIOS
Operating System Bootingooting
related 191
Operating System
ROM BIOS
Operating System Bootingooting
related 192
BIOS Interrupt
BIOS Interrupt Vector
Diskette
Formatting
atting
Formatting
Interrupt Routine
ROM BIOS
related 193
Printer
Resolution
related 194
File System
Archivator
Compressor
Compression Program
Archivatorata Transfer Protocol
Parallel Data Transmission
Serial Data Transmission
related 195
MCA Standard
CPU Bus
EISA Standard
ISA Standard
Motherboard
Capacityherboard
Capacity
related 196
Optical Disk
Hard Disk
Diskette
Streamer
related 197
Memory
DRAM Chip
SRAM Chips
Cache
Motherboard
DMAd Memory
related 198
Bus Capacity
Memory
related 199
Microprocessor
Memory
Math Coprocessor
IP Register
Register
Cache
Central Processing Unit
CPU Bus
definition 151
"details
pc hardware mon char
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images._#
definition 152
#details
pc hardware su mth mem e
Read-Only Memory - a type of the memory which can be read from but not modified. ROM stores information even when the power supply is switched off.
definition 153
$details
pc software sys os bas s o b
the main directory of the file system on a storage media (disk). It can be considered as being at the top of the directory hierarchy. During the high-level formatting an empty root directory is created. The size and the location of the root directory are stored in the Boot Sector.
definition 154
L&details
pc hardware su port ser c
an interface standard used in serial port data communication.
definition 155
'details
pc hardware su port ser i
a board with a serial port controller and a connector.
definition 156
'detailPage
pc hardware other scan
(details
pc hardware other scan
a peripheral device used for capturing pictures from paper or slides by scanning images dot by dot and sending them into the computer.
definition 157
professional software for research purposes (in statistics, for example), designed to process data with methods of applied mathematics.
definition 158
)details
pc hardware su ds ds abt e
a part of a disk track. It is the basic unit for reading and writing information to or from the disk. Its size is defined during the disk formatting, and stored in the Boot Sector of the disk. In the MS-DOS/Windows environment its size is usually 512 bytes.
definition 159
+details
pc software firm b
a check on the hardware components, carried out by the BIOS routine when the computer is switched on.
definition 160
n,details
pc hardware su port ser
a data transmission unit inside the system block, which transmits all the bits of every byte sequentially.9-
definition 161
`-details
pc software firm d
a BIOS routine. It is used for specifying and storing hardware characteristics of the computer configuration in the CMOS memory.=.
definition 162
d.details
pc hardware su ds ds abt e
a part of the working surface of a disk, accessible with one read-write head.
definition 163
>/details
pc software
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
definition 164
(1details
pc software pack spread
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
definition 165
a command or a control structure of a programming language.
definition 166
2details
pc hardware su ds str
a device for storing information on tapes. Though it is slow, it can store large amounts of information. It is particularly useful for archiving.
definition 167
3details
pc software sys os bas s f d a
a directory created inside another directory.
definition 168
installed on a device card and is normally used to set device characteristics, such as a device operating mode, its logical number, etc.O5
definition 169
v5details
pc hardware prn matr a
a rectangular table used to form the image of a character. Each element of the table corresponds to a particular dot of the image. The value of an element indicates whether the corresponding dot belongs to the image.
definition 170
6details
pc hardware su
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.
definition 171
current setup of the operating system parameters. In MS-DOS it is specified in the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files.
definition 172
8details
pc hardware su mth tmr b
a module of the operating system, which keeps the current time and date.[9
definition 173
9details
pc software pack word a
an application program for preparation and editing text documents. It allows the user to type, store, retrieve and modify text data.g:
definition 174
:details
pc software pack word c
an object on the screen which indicates the current active position for inserting or modifying a character. It normally looks like a bright dash under the character.
definition 176
nonportable vertical design of the PC system unit used mainly for file servers and other powerful PC configurations.c<
definition 177
<details
pc hardware su ds ds abt e
a circular area on the disk's surface which is used for keeping information. Tracks are divided into sectors. The capacity of a disk is determined by the number of tracks, the number of sectors per track and the sector size.
definition 178
=details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con e
a disk performance parameter, which shows the time needed to move the disk heads to the neighboring track. It measures the speed with which the heads can search and find a track.
definition 179
8?details
pc hardware man other trck
a manipulator which operates like the mouse which has been turned over. It moves the pointer around the screen as the user spins the control ball./@
definition 180
V@details
pc hardware su port ser f
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter - the main chip of serial communication ports.s.
definition 181
<Adetails
pc basics package
a system of agreements and rules for interaction between a program and a user. It supports input of user commands and provides output of the results in a form acceptable by the user.MB
definition 182
a system of agreements and rules for interaction and information exchange.
definition 183
Cdetails
pc software sys serv
a program which performs system housekeeping functions.
definition 184
Cdetails
pc hardware mon adap b
a part of the RAM where the screen image is stored. It is usually installed on the video adaptor board. A display adaptor reads this area of memory and redraws the screen image 60--70 times a second. Any change in the contents of the videomemory results in a change of the screen image. Each cell of the videomemory corresponds to a certain position on the display.
definition 185
Edetails
pc hardware mon crt d
an electric signal generated by the video adaptor to the monitor. The videosignal determines the brightness and color for each dot on the screen.
definition 186
Fdetails
pc software sys serv util d
a disk's identifier, stored in a special section of the root directory. The volume label may be assigned to a disk during the high-level formatting or by using a special utility.
definition 187
"Hdetails
pc software firm f
a table containing interrupt vectors which point to the interrupt routines. It is used to access a certain interrupt routine.
t in the BIOS Data Area and is used by the BIOS to access to a certain interrupt routine.e.YI
definition 188
Idetails
pc software firm a
a space in the RAM which is allocated by the BIOS to keep its own data.
definition 189
LJdetails
pc hardware keyb k
memory space inside the BIOS Data Area reserved by the BIOS for keeping all the characters which has been typed until they are accepted by a program.
definition 190
fKdetails
pc software firm c
a ROM stored BIOS routine which checks special areas of a disk for the operating system booting program and activates it.
definition 191
dLdetails
pc software firm b
a ROM stored BIOS routine which is activated immediately after you have switched the power on or restarted the computer. It checks computer components.
definition 192
a BIOS interrupt routine which is responsible for disks operations.
definition 194
Ndetails
pc hardware su port
the serial or parallel port.iles intended to be kept in the long term.
definition 195
Odetails
pc hardware su mth bus a
one of main bus characteristics, that specifies the amount of information which can be transmitted via the bus channels as a single unit. Measured in bits.
definition 196
,Pdetails
pc hardware su ds
a data storage media used for storing data for a long time. This kind of storage can keep information even after the computer has been switched off. The capacity of the long-term storage can be huge. However to use the data the computer must read (load) it into its internal memory. Usually this term refers to disks.ks.
definition 197
Qdetails
pc hardware su mth mem
an electronic chip-based memory located on the PC motherboard or on the expansion board. It involves main random-access memory, extended and expanded memory chips, cache memory, ROMs, videomemory etc.
his information is lost just after the computer has been switched off. Also internal memory is quite limited in its capacity.
definition 199
Sdetails
pc hardware su mth cpu e
one of the main modules of the CPU. It performs the actual data processing.
definition 175
Tdetails
pc hardware su mth tmr
a unit which is installed on the motherboard and generates signals at certain (programmed) time intervals. In particular, these signals are used for time measurement by the calendar service of the operating system.
definition 193
Vdetails
pc hardware other scan d
dots-per-inch. A measure of resolution for printers, plotters and scanners . .
definition 198
A characteristic of the CPU and the BUS. It determines how much memory they can use. This characteristic depends on the capacity of the address line. 16-bit processors can address up to 1Mb of memory while 32-bit processors can address up to 4Gb..
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Part Vry - Part V
:PHYSSIZE
related 200
Digital Signal
Modem
Scanner
related 201
Analog Signal
Modem
Scanner
related 202
Data Transmission Rate
Modem
Serial Data Transmission
Data Transfer Protocolocol
related 203
Data Transmission Rate
Modem
Serial Data Transmission
Data Transfer Protocol
related 204
Data Transmission Rate
Modem
Serial Data Transmission
Data Transfer Protocol
related 205
Data Transmission Rate
Modem
Serial Data Transmission
Data Transfer Protocol
related 206
Protocol
Serial Data Transmissionmission
related 207
Modem
Data Transfer Protocol
Digital Signal
Analog Signal
related 208
Animated Object
Bit-map
related 209
Printer
Peripheral Device
Symbol Matrixe
related 210
Diskette sk
related 211
Diskette sk
related 212
Direct Access
Memory
Sequential Data Accessial Data Access
related 213
Mini-tower
Tower
related 214
Memory
related 215
RLL Standard
Hard Disk
Hard Disk Controller
Controller
ESDI Standard
related 216
Hard Disk
Hard Disk Controller
Controller
ESDI Standard
ST506 Interface'
related 217
Hard Disk
Hard Disk Controller
Controller
RLL Standard
ST506 Interfacerface
related 218
Hard Disk
Hard Disk Controller
Controller
ESDI Standard
RLL Standard
ST506 Interfaceerface
related 219
Hard Disk
Hard Disk Controller
Controller
ESDI Standard
RLL Standard
ST506 Interfaceerface
related 220
Operating System
File System
related 221
Operating System
File System
related 222
Operating System
File System
Batch File
COM-file
EXE-file
related 223
ASCII
Text Editor
Binary
ansmission
Binary
related 224
User Interface
Directory
File Extension
MS-DOSOS
related 225
Operating System
System Environment
Directory
Subdirectory
related 226
Operating System
File System
Directory
Root Directory
related 227
Operating System
Directory
related 228
Communication Port
Parallel Port
Parallel Port Controller
Port Address
Printer
related 229
Transmission Rate
Synchronous Data Transmission
Serial Data Transmission
RS232C
Parallel Data Transmission
Communication Port
Communication Program
Data Transfer Protocoll
Data Transfer Protocol#
related 230
Asynchronous Data Transmission
Transmission Rate
Serial Data Transmission
RS232C
Parallel Data Transmission
Communication Port
Communication Program
Data Transfer Protocoll
related 231
Peripheral Device
Interface
Parallel Portface
Parallel Port
related 232
Controller
Floppy Disk ControllerK
related 233
Controller
Microprocessor
Parallel Port
related 234
Controller
Serial Port
related 235
Serial Port
Modem
Communication Device
related 236
Transmission Rate
Parallel Port?
related 237
SRAM Chips
Memory
Dynamic Memory Chip
Memory Regeneration
related 238
SRAM Chips
Memory
Dynamic Memory Chip
Memory Regeneration
related 239
Operating System
Driver
Memory
Memory
Extended Memory
Internal Memory
related 240
Timer
SRAM Chips
DRAM ChipM
related 241
Motherboard
DRAM Chip
Memory Paging
related 242
80386
80486
Memory
Operating Systemystem
related 243
Access Time
related 244
Operative Memory
Operating System
MS-DOS
Extended Memory
Expanded Memory
related 245
Music Synthesizer
Digital Signal
Analog Signal
Speaker
related 246
Communication Device
Data Transmission Rate
related 247
Programmed Timer
8284 Clock Generator
Microchip
Clock Generator
related 248
Asynchronous Data Transmission
Synchronous Data Transmission
Serial Data Transmission
Parallel Data Transmission
Communication Port
related 249
MCA Standard
CPU Bus
EISA Standard
Motherboard
System Bus
Sysytem BUS
definition 200
~$details
pc hardware other modem b
a continuous signal which represents variations of a physical value. It is used, for instance, when transmitting via telephone lines.
definition 201
%details
pc hardware other modem b
signal which is used in computers for representing information. This signal can be either high (1) or low (0).y&
definition 202
&details
##modem protocol##
a transport-layer protocol used in communication via the modem. It is capable of transmitting/receiving files in both directions simultaneously.
definition 203
'details
##modem protocol##
determines rules for data exchange between two modems. It is the simplest error detecting modem protocol.
definition 204
(details
##modem protocol##
determines rules for data exchange between two modems. It was developed from the XMODEM protocol. It transmits a file and its parameters, 16 - bit check totals, and, depending on the line quality, dynamic variable-length frames of 1024 and 128 bytes.
definition 205
*details
##modem protocol##
determines rules for data exchange between two modems. It can transmit data frames of variable length.
definition 206
+details
pc hardware other modem p
Standard Microcom Networking Protocol- one of the most efficient protocols for modem data exchange.e.
definition 207
+detailPage
pc hardware other modem j
.,details
pc hardware other modem j
in data communication a conversion of an analog signal into a digital one acceptable by a computer. ple analog and digital filtering at the demodulator input./-
definition 208
V-details
pc software pack prof b
a sequence of videoimages - moving screen objects.
definition 209
.details
pc hardware prn matr
the oldest and simplest device for producing hardcopies of text and graphics. These printers are rather slow, noisy and the printing quality is far from the publishing standards. However they are cheap, reliable and easy in operation. The image is made of dots based on a special character image pattern - matrix. Dots are plotted on the paper by the printing head pins.
definition 210
0details
pc hardware su ds ds flp c
double sided/double density - a type of 5.25" floppy disks which can store 360 Kb of information. The capacity of 3.5" floppies of this format is 720 Kb.
definition 211
41details
pc hardware su ds ds flp c
double sided/high density - a type of 5.25" floppy disks which can store 1.2 Mb of information. The capacity of 3.5" floppies of this format is 1.44 Mb.
definition 212
`2details
pc hardware su ds ds flp con a
- direct memory access - a strategy of data exchange bypassing control of the CPU. It is implemented, for example in Floppy Disk Controllers.
definition 213
a computer of non-portable design which is intended to be kept on the desk.
definition 214
$4details
pc hardware su mth mem e
- Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory - a kind of ROM which can be rewritten by using special equipment.
definition 215
5details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con b
Modified Frequency Modulation - a standard of hard disk controllers. It was developed in 1981 by Seagate using the ST506/412 interface. These days it is rarely used by manufacturers.96
definition 216
`6details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con b b
Run Length Limited - a standard of hard disk controllers. It is a modification of the MFM standard: it packs data on the disk twice as much as MFM standard.
definition 217
7details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con c
Enhanced Small Device Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. This standard is mostly used with Intel 80286 processors..
definition 218
8details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con d
Small Computer System Interface - a standard of hard disk controllers. It is a modern interface which can be used with 32-bit processors - Intel 386 and Intel 486..
definition 219
9details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con d b
Integrated Drive Electronics - one of the most popular standards of hard disk controllers used in many models of PCs.s.e most popular standard for new models of microcomputers.
definition 220
;details
pc software sys os bas s f f c
a set of special file characteristics which the operating system checks before accessing the file. They virtually determine which set of operations the operating system can apply to the file.
definition 221
l<details
pc software sys os bas s f f b
a part of file name separated from the name by a period. Usually extension specifies the type of the format of data stored in file. Operating systems support a number of standard extensions for standard file formats, for instance, .COM, .EXE, .BAT in MS-DOS.OS.
definition 222
>details
pc software sys os bas s f f d
properties of a file's contents recognized by the operating system or other programs. The system itself doesn't impose any structure on a file and no meaning is attached to its contents. The meaning depends only on the programs which interpret the file. For example, MS-DOS recognizes executable files and batch files.tch files and special files.
definition 223
?details
pc software sys os bas s f f d
a file which contains only plain text i.e. ASCII characters. Text files are used for many purposes. Many text editors work in this format, all batch files are of the text format etc.
definition 224
2Adetails
pc software sys os bas s f f f
special characters ("*","?") which can be included into the file name for addressing a command to a group of files.f files.
definition 225
>Bdetails
pc software sys os bas s f d b
the exact order of subdirectories which lead to the file from the root directory. In the path the names of the subdirectories are separated by "\". The starting "\" indicates that the path begins from the root directory.
definition 226
Cdetails
pc software sys os bas s f d c
the directory where the user is positioned at the moment. It is possible to change the current directory.
definition 227
Ddetails
pc software sys os bas s f
the way the operating system keeps data on the media. Main data units in the file system are files organized into groups - directories.irectories.
definition 228
Edetails
pc hardware su port par
name of the parallel communication port of the PC.UF
definition 229
|Fdetails
pc hardware su port ser h
a method of data transmission when the transmitting and receiving devices don't exchange with synchronizing signals.SG
definition 230
zGdetails
pc hardware su port ser h
a method of data transmission when the transmitting and receiving devices exchange with synchronizing signals.KH
definition 231
rHdetails
pc hardware su port par e
the interface which is used in data exchange via the parallel port. It is implemented in the parallel port controller.KI
definition 232
rIdetails
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the hard disk and the RAM via the system bus. It also generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
definition 233
Jdetails
pc hardware su port par a
a chip which implements the centronics interface for data exchange via the parallel port.
definition 234
Kdetails
pc hardware su port ser a
a UART chip which implements the RS232C interface for data exchange via the serial port.
definition 235
Ldetails
pc hardware su port ser d
a data transmission method when each transmitted byte is transformed into a sequence of bits.
definition 236
Mdetails
pc hardware su port par d
a data transmission method when all the bits of each transmitted byte are transmitted simultaneously.
definition 237
Ndetails
pc hardware su mth mem c
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.RAM.
definition 238
Odetails
pc hardware su mth mem c
a special data storage area which has high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU and a slow peripheral device (usually disk). Data from the disk is loaded into such a buffer before it is accessed by the CPU......#Q
definition 239
JQdetails
pc hardware su mth mem j
the first 64 Kb of memory placed above the 1 Mb zone. A special feature of the HIMEM is that these 64 K byte can be accessed in the real addressing mode by the CPU by means of a special driver. The HIMEM driver moves a part of DOS code from 1Mb area there and makes the 64 Kb in RAM available for other programs.ams.
definition 240
Sdetails
pc hardware su mth tmr b
charging pulses for DRAM chips.
definition 241
Sdetails
pc hardware su mth mem g
a method of memory organization which substantially improves the RAM access rate due to the fact that the processor does not wait for the end of the DRAM regeneration cycle.
definition 242
Tdetails
pc hardware su mth mem g
a method of memory organization where special RAM chips are arranged into virtual pages (for hardware support of the memory paging).
definition 243
Vdetails
pc hardware su mth mem f
a RAM area where BIOS routines are copied from the ROM BIOS expansion cards for speeding up the access rate.
definition 244
Wdetails
pc hardware su mth mem h
the first 1 Mb of the RAM which MS-DOS can access.
definition 245
Wdetails
pc software pack music
a special card which enhances PC sound abilities. This card usually has built-in MIDI interface for digital sound generation and can output digitized sound of very high quality..
definition 246
a unit of data exchange rate: number of bits transferred per second.
definition 247
Ydetails
pc hardware su mth clck a
a frequency with which synchronizing pulses are generated by the clock generator. It is one of the main characteristics of the computer (in particular CPU) productivity.
definition 248
speed of data transmission. Usually measured in bauds - bits per second.
definition 249
[details
pc hardware su mth bus c
Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of the system bus interface. It was designed to support the Intel 80286 microprocessor..
sortGlossary
pc glossary F
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related 250
ISA Standard
CPU Bus
EISA Standard
Motherboard
System Bus
Sysytem BUS
related 251
MCA Standard
CPU Bus
EISA Standard
ISA Standard
Motherboard
System Bus
Sysytem BUS
related 252
80286
80386
80486
Pentium
related 253
Coprocessor
i80x86 Family
OverDrive
Math Coprocessor
Microprocessor
Overdrive
Processor
related 254
Central Processing Unit
Coprocessor
Intel Family
Motherboard
Pentium
oprocessor
Motherboard
Pentium
Processor
i80x86 Family
related 255
80386
Cache
Coprocessor
i80x86 Family
OverDrive
Paged Memoryed Memory
cessor
Microprocessor
Overdrive
Paged Memory
Processoror
related 256
Cache
Coprocessor
i80x86 Family
OverDrive
Paged Memory
h Coprocessor
Microprocessor
Overdrive
Paged Memory
Processor
related 257
80486
Cache
Coprocessor
i80x86 Family
OverDrive
Paged Memory
ath Coprocessor
Microprocessor
Overdrive
Paged Memory
Processor
related 258
Cache
Coprocessor
i80x86 Family
OverDrive
Paged Memoryaged Memory
cessor
Microprocessor
Overdrive
Paged Memory
Processoror
related 259
Cache
Coprocessor
i80x86 Family
OverDrive
Paged Memory
cessor
Microprocessor
Overdrive
Paged Memory
Processor
related 260
CRT Monitor
Luminescence
Luminophore
Display
Electron Gun
related 261
Memory
Video Adaptor
Videomemory
Videosignal
Videosystem
Videotype
Text Mode]
related 262
Printer
Peripheral Device
Printer
related 263
Printer
Resolution
Postscript
Matrix Printer
Ink-Jet Printer
related 264
Disk Logical Structure
High-Level Formatting
Operating System
Low-level Formatting
related 265
High-Level Formatting
Formatting
Disk Physical Parametersmeters
related 266
Motherboard
Expansion Slot
Expansion Card
related 267
Processor
Coprocessor
80486DX
80387
80486dx
80487otherboard
Chip-
related 268
User Interface
Graphics Mode
related 269
Laser Printer
Programming Language
Printer
related 270
Laser Printer
Programming Language
Printer
Postscript
related 271
Accelerator
Microprocessor
80486
RapidCaddpidcardidcardI
related 272
Accelerator
Microprocessor
80386
Coprocessor
OverDrive
Chipe
80386
80387
related 273
Printer
Matrix Printer
Symbol Matrix
Resolution
related 274
Streamer
Magnetic Media
Sequential Data Access
related 275
Motherboard
Clock Rate
related 276
Motherboard
Sound Card
Sound Editor
Music Editor
Music Synthesizerr
related 277
Memory
Streamer
Random Access
Direct Data Access
related 278
Disk Access
Sequential Data Access
Random Access
related 279
i80x86 Family
related 280
Register
Program
related 281
Controller
Motherboard
Hardware Interrupt
related 282
Interrupt
Program
Interrupt Table
related 283
Keyboard
BIOS Keyboard Buffer
Interrupt
related 284
related 285
Printer
Manipulator
Mouse
Light Pen
Plotter
Scanner
related 287
Cathode Luminescence
CRT Monitor
LuminescenceY
related 288
related 289
Videosignal
Monitor
related 290
CRT Monitor
Monitor
related 291
Cathode Ray Tube
Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
CRT Controller
Display
related 292
Video Adaptor
Monitor
Display
related 293
Hercules
MDA Video Standard
related 294
Video Adaptor
Videomemory
Videotype
Hercules
related 295
Video Adaptor
Videomemory
Videotype
MDA Video Standardndart
related 296
Video Adaptor
Videomemory
Videotype
Hercules
MDA Video Standard
related 297
Video Adaptor
Videomemory
Videotype
Hercules
MDA Video Standard
related 298
Video Adaptor
Videomemory
Videotype
Hercules
MDA Video Standard
related 299
Video Adaptor
Videomemory
Videotype
Hercules
MDA Video Standard-$
definition 250
T$details
pc hardware su mth bus d
Micro Channel Architecture - a standard of system bus interface. It was introduced and implemented by IBM in the PS/2 family of PCs. It can support 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.ors.
definition 251
%details
pc hardware su mth bus e
Extended Industrial Standard Architecture - a standard of system bus interface. It was introduced for supporting advanced features of 32-bit Intel 386 and 486 microprocessors.s.
definition 252
&details
pc hardware su mth cpu x86
a range of Intel microprocessors - 8086...80486 and Pentium which are used in all IBM PC compatible microcomputers..
definition 253
'details
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 d
(Intel 8086, i8086) the first model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the first IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. It has 16-bit data and address buses and can operate with 4.77 and 8 MHz clock rates.
definition 254
J)details
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 e
(Intel 80286, i80286) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It is the basis of the IBM PC/AT model. It has 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus (so it provides addressing of more than 16 Mb of memory) and can operate with the clock rate of up to 16-20 MHz.MHz.
definition 255
*details
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 f
(Intel 80386, i80386) a member of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses and can operate with the clock rate up to 40 MHz.40 MHz.k rate up to 40 MHz.z.
definition 256
@,details
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 f
(Intel 80386SX, i80386SX) a cheap modification of the Intel 80386 microprocessor. It has a 16-bit connector for the 32-bit data bus and can operate with the clock rate up to 25 MHz.
definition 257
-details
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 h
(Intel 80486SX, i80486SX) a cheap modification of the Intel 80486 microprocessor. It doesn't include the math coprocessor and has no internal cache.
definition 258
.details
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 g
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
definition 259
J0details
pc hardware su mth cpu 586
the latest model of the Intel family of microprocessors. It can operate with the clock rate up to 100 MHz.and is based on RISC technology.91
definition 260
`1details
pc hardware mon crt c
a glass tube with a rectangular screen covered with the luminophore. A CRT is a basic element of CRT monitors and ordinary TV sets.al TV sets.ventional TV sets._2
definition 261
2details
pc hardware mon adap e
one of the two bytes which represent a character in the videomemory when the video controller is operating in the text mode. This byte keeps the color attribute of the character.
definition 262
3details
pc hardware prn ink
a type of printers which uses a special printing head spraying droplets of ink onto the paper.{4
definition 263
4details
pc hardware prn las
the most advanced type of printers which uses a laser beam for image generation.O5
definition 264
v5details
pc hardware su ds ds abt d
a procedure for logical organization of a disk space. During the high-level formatting the Disk System Area is created and data which determines information layout on the disk surface is recorded into it.
definition 265
6details
pc hardware su ds ds abt b
a procedure for physical preparation of a disk surface for data storage. During the low-level formatting the disk surface is physically divided by some special signs into tracks and sectors.
definition 266
Multi-Input-Output Card - an expansion card which comprises serial and parallel port controllers, a floppy disk controller and a hard disk controller..
definition 267
9details
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 c
80x87 The mathematical coprocessors (Intel 80x87) is used to perform operations with floating point data. It has a special set of instructions which support fast end effective processing of such data.9:
definition 268
`:details
pc software sys os win b
Graphic User Interface - an advanced type of the user interface which is based on windows, icons and mouse support. For example, this interface was implemented in MS Windows.tem.u;
definition 269
;details
pc hardware prn las g
a page image description language for laser printers. The page layout is described by the set of special commands.m<
definition 270
<details
pc hardware prn las g
Printer Control Language - a language for operating laser printers. It supports bit-mapped fonts and graphics.a=
definition 271
=details
pc hardware su mth cpu rap a
a new i486-like processor, based on the double rate technology. These processors are aimed to upgrade existing systems, based on i486SX, i486DX, and i486DX2 microprocessors.
definition 272
>details
pc hardware su mth cpu rap c
a new i386-like processor aimed to upgrade existing systems, based on i386 microprocessors.
definition 274
?details
pc hardware su ds str a
a magnetic tape enclosed in the special protective case. It is used by streamers for data storage.q@
definition 275
@details
pc hardware su mth cpu d
a mode of the CPU operation when it is supplied with an accelerated clock rate.
definition 277
rAdetails
pc hardware su ds str
In contrast to the disks, a data frame on a streamer tape can be accessed only after some rewinding. This is called sequential access and the access speed depends on the frame's location on the media.
definition 278
In contrast to the streamer tape, any point of the disk surface can be accessed just by moving the read/write head across the disk. This is called direct-access because the access speed doesn't depend on the data's location in the media.
definition 279
Ddetails
pc basics hist d
personal computers which are based on the Intel family of microprocessors. The first PC of this type was manufactured by IBM. Nowadays many other companies also produce such computers. All this computers can run the same software.IE
definition 280
pEdetails
pc hardware su mth cpu f
a special register of the CPU which keeps address of the next instruction to be executed. When a program is loaded for execution the CPU receives the address of the program's first byte (the program starting address) and stores it in the IP Register..ter.
definition 281
Fdetails
pc hardware su mth int
a chip installed on the motherboard which coordinates and schedules interrupt queries from hardware devices to the CPU.
definition 282
Gdetails
pc software firm g
a technique for changing addresses in the Interrupt Vector Table. It is used by system programmers when they want to add a new or replace an existing interrupt routine. This is needed, for example, when you have upgraded some device and the existing interrupt can't handle the new hardware.
definition 283
Idetails
pc hardware keyb i
a code which is generated by the keyboard when a key is pressed or released. This code then is passed to the BIOS and is translated into corresponding character. For example, when the key "p" is pressed, the hexadecimal 19H code (binary 00011001) is generated. When the key is released the 99H code (binary 10011001) is generated .
definition 285
a device which can be attached to the PC. The most often used peripheral devices are printers, modems, scanners etc..
definition 287
FLdetails
pc hardware mon crt c
"luminous" substance which cover the screen of the CRT monitor.
definition 288
Mdetails
pc hardware mon crt d
electro optical system of CRT monitors.
definition 289
Mdetails
pc hardware mon crt f
a part of the CRT control circuits which amplifies videosignals in the frequency range of tens of Hz up to tens of MHz.z.
definition 290
Ndetails
pc hardware mon crt f
a part of the CRT control circuits which generates the flyback pulse to block the screen illumination when the beam reaches the end of the line.
definition 291
Odetails
pc hardware mon adap e
the three colors (red, green and blue, or RGB) from which all other colors in CRT monitors are generated.
definition 292
Pdetails
pc hardware mon
a videoadaptor and a monitor of the same standard..
definition 293
Qdetails
##Videosystems##
a design of the videodaptor and a monitor which is characterized by the resolution, a number of available colors and the size of supported videomemory. There are MDA, HMGA, CGA, EGA, VGA and Super VGA videostandards used in IBM PC compatible computers. Both the monitor and the video adaptor must be of the same type.
definition 294
Monochrome Display Adaptor - a videostandard which appeared in 1981 in the first IBM PC. Is was capable to produce black-and-white text : 25 lines of 80 characters..
definition 295
RTdetails
##Videosystems##
Hercules Monochrome Display Adaptor - a videostandard which appeared in 1982. It could supports both black-and-white text and graphics with resolution 720x350..MU
definition 296
tUdetails
##Videosystems##
Color Graphics Adaptor- the first videostandard for IBM PCs which could produce both color text and graphics. Appeared in 1982. It had resolution of 640x320, 64 Kb of videomemory and could show 4 different colors.s.
definition 297
Vdetails
##Videosystems##
- Enhanced Graphics Adaptor- a videostandard which uses digital color display equipped with video adaptor. Downward compatible with MDA and CGA. It appeared in 1985 and had resolution of 640x350, 16 colors and 64 Kb of videomemoryyy
definition 298
8Xdetails
##Videosystems##
Video Graphics Array - a videostandard which was introduced in 1987 with the IBM PS/2 model. It had a fixed frequency analog display, 16 colors in 640x480 resolution, 256 colors in 320x200 resolution, videomemory up to 1024 Kb and was backward compatible with the MDA, CGA and EGA videostandards..s.
definition 299
Ydetails
##Videosystems##
Super Video Graphics Array- an advanced videostandard available for the IBM PC. In comparison with original VGA it supports 256 colors in 640x480 resolution and a high resolution mode of 800x600. It can be equipped with the videomemory up to 1024 Kb.. to 1024 Kb.
definition 273
r[details
pc hardware prn matr b
Near Letter Quality - the best quality mode of operation for matrix and ink-jet printers.s.
definition 276
V\details
pc hardware su mth spk
an built-in sound device of the PC. It is very simple, limited volume and has a very restricted frequency range.
definition 284
^]details
pc hardware su mth cpu c
a technique which is used to increase the productivity of the CPU. Instead of waiting for the execution of the instruction and then obtaining the next one in the pipeline scheme both of these operations are implemented by two separate units so they can work without waiting for one another.
pc glossary G
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related 310
Rewritable
Optical Disk;
related 311
Optical Disk
CD-ROM
Rewritable
related 312
CD-ROM
Optical Disk
Disksk-
definition 313
details
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom a
the most widespread format for CD-ROM data recording. Detailed: H634/CD-ROM Standards
related 313
Optical Disk
CD-ROM
ISO 9660
Yellow Book
definition 314
details
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom a
the most widespread format for CD-ROM data recording, derived from the High Sierra format. Detailed: H634/CD-ROM Standards
related 314
Rewritable
Optical Disk
CD-ROM
High Sierra format;
definition 315
details
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom a
eXtended Architecture - a modern format for CD ROM data recording which supports digitized sounds, graphics and videos. . Detailed: H634/CD-ROM Standards
related 315
CD-ROM
Yellow Book
High Sierra Formatat
definition 316
details
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom a
the first data recording format for CD ROMs. It was developed by Phillips and Sony and specified in the 'Yellow Book'. This standard applies to both audio CDs and computer disks. Detailed: H634/CD-ROM StandardsG
related 316
High Sierra Format
CD-ROM
related 317
CD-ROM
Bit #
related 318
CD-ROM
Rewritable
Optical Disk
definition 319
a processor architecture, based on a reduced set of the most frequently used instructions, which considerably speeds up the processor's performance.
related 319
Processor
Instructionnstruction
related 320
definition 321
a silicon chip which contains semiconductor diodes and transistors intended to execute a pre-defined set of functions.
related 321
BiCMOS
related 322
Communications Layer
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
related 323
Application Layer
Communications Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
definition 324
a family of logic circuits based on bipolar transistors manufactured in a chip. In the TTL system of signaling a nominal +5V is equated with logical 1, and a nominal 0V is equated with logical 0..K
related 324
BiCMOS
definition 325
details
pc hardware su mth cpu 586 b
a technology for bipolar transistor-based integrated circuits manufactured since the 70s. The BiCMOS transistor has a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor structure. This technology permitted reduction in cost and considerable increases in the number of electronic components inside the integrated circuit.
related 325
definition 326
details
pc hardware other modem g
a set of instructions, originally used in Hayes half-duplex modems by Micro Computer Products and now supported by most modems.
related 326
Modem
related 327
Application Layer
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
related 328
Network
Network Equipment
Arcnet
Starlan
Token-Ringoken-Ring}
definition 329
details
pc hardware lan
a series of points (computers and peripherals) connected by communication channels.
related 329
Network Topology
Network Equipment
Network Software
definition 330
details
pc hardware lan a
a data transmission channel consisting of two insulated wires twisted together but not covered with an outer sheath.
related 330
Coaxial Cable
Network Equipmentt O
definition 331
details
pc hardware lan a
a data transmission channel consisting of one or more central wire conductors, surrounded by a dielectric isolator, and encased in either a wire mesh or extruded metal sheathing.
related 331
Thin Cable
Thick Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
Fiber-optic Cable
Network
related 332
Network Equipment
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
definition 333
details
pc hardware lan
the physical and logical relationship of nodes in a network, either a star, token-ring, daisy-chain, bus topology, or some hybrid combination thereof.
related 333
Network Architecture
Starlan
Token-Ring
Peer-to-Peer Network
Daisy-Chain Topology
definition 334
details
pc hardware lan
an organizational concept enabling communications between data processing equipment at different locations, which specifies processors and terminals and defines protocols and software that must be used to accomplish accurate data communication.
related 334
Network Topology
Network Protocol
Open Systems Interconnection
ems Interconnection
definition 335
"details
pc software sys os LAN
software which provides networking capabilities on interconnected computers. Network software is a general term for network operating systems, LAN Managers, peer-to-peer networking systems and multi-user OS.
related 335
Networking Operating System
Windows NT
Multi-user Operating System
definition 336
$details
pc hardware lan a
a set of physical components for interconnecting computers to work within a certain network topology.
related 336
Network Topology
8228 Access Device
Bridge
Coaxial Cable
Ring In Connector
Thick Cable
Connector
Thick Cable
definition 337
&details
pc hardware lan b
a local network design and specification, characterized by a 1 Mbps data transmission rate over twisted-pair wiring.r wiring.g'
related 337
Network Architecture
Star Topology
Twisted Pair Cablee
definition 338
(details
pc hardware lan c
a LAN architecture, which uses a combination of daisy-chain and star topologies and a connection via a coaxial cable.
related 338
Network
Ethernet
Token-Ring
Starlan
Network Topology
Network Architecture
Network Equipment
Network Software
Network Resource
Networking Operating System
LAN Workstationon
definition 339
$*details
pc hardware lan d
one of the earliest networking architectures. It normally refers to transmission of packets of data at 10Mbps over coaxial cable. It defines how the data packets are formed, using IEEE standard 802.3. Variations include the industry-standard 10BaseT cabling and various high-speed connections.
related 339
Network
Arcnet
Starlan
Token-Ring
definition 340
f,details
pc hardware lan e
a network topology in which a token is passed from station to station in sequential order. Stations wishing to gain access to the network must wait for the token to arrive before transmitting data.
related 340
Network Topology
LAN Workstation
definition 341
a unit of data exchange rate: number of Mbits transferred per second..
related 341
Communication Device
Data Transmission Rate
Baud9/
definition 342
Million Instructions per Second - a measure of productivity for processors.
related 342
definition 343
`0details
pc hardware lan d
one of the simplest network structures in which a single length of cable connects all the network devices. Bus networks are simple to implement, but one break in the wire brings the whole network down. Star topology networks avoid this by using one connection point with many short wires to each node.
related 343
Network
Starlan
Ethernet
Token-Ring
Peer-to-Peer Network
Network Topology
definition 344
2details
pc hardware lan a
a network hardware device used for retransmission of a signal. It is equipped with connection plugs, or ports, to which other hubs or network interface cards can be connected.
related 344
Network
Network Equipment
Terminator
definition 345
p4details
pc hardware lan a
a network hardware device used for retransmission of signals. In contrast to a passive hub, it also verifies and amplifies the signals.
related 345
Passive Hub
Network Equipment
Network Topology
definition 346
6details
pc hardware lan a
a network hardware device used to pass signals to networked components.
related 346
Active Hub
Network Equipment
related 347
Network Equipment
Ethernet
definition 348
7details
pc hardware lan a
a plug containing resistors intended to plug the unused contacts of various devices. When used on a network, it also reduces the noise that may occur during a data transmission.
related 348
Network Equipment
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cablele e9
definition 349
9details
pc hardware lan b
a network topology in which stations are connected to one another in series. This topology allows the connection of up to 10 stations. It is used in STARLAN networks.works.
related 349
Network
Network Topology
Starlan
Token-Ring
Star Topology
Star Topology
related 300
Graphics Mode
Videomemory
Videotype
MDA Video Standard
related 301
Video Adaptor
Videomemory
Videotype
Hercules
MDA Video Standardy<
related 302
Controller
Display Adaptor
Videosystem
Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
related 303
Coprocessor
Accelerator
Microprocessor
Videosystem
CRT controller
related 304
Accelerator
Graphics Coprocessorics Coprocessork>
related 305
Manipulator
Mouse
Trackball
Joystick
related 306
Manipulator
Display
Monitor
related 307
Manipulator
Light Pen
Keyboard
Mouse
Trackball
related 308
Booting
Cold Boot
Warm Boot
related 309
IP register
definition 300
@details
pc hardware mon adap d
a mode when a videosystem or a printer can output only text information. In this mode the minimum output object is an ASCII character.
definition 301
Adetails
pc hardware mon adap a
a mode when a videosystem or a printer can produce graphics images. In the graphics mode the minimum screen object is a pixel or a dot.
definition 302
$Cdetails
pc hardware mon adap b
a part of the video adaptor, that controls the cathode ray tube operation.
definition 303
Ddetails
pc hardware mon acc b
Graphics coprocessors enhance video system performance by taking up tasks normally carried out by the CPU. The basic advantage of the graphics coprocessors is their multipurpose applicability.+E
definition 304
REdetails
pc hardware mon acc c
Video accelerators enhance video system performance by taking up tasks normally carried out by the CPU. They are designed for hardware support of certain applications with extended graphics features.
definition 306
Fdetails
pc hardware man other tch
a kind of manipulator. It is operated by touching control areas on the screen.areas on the screen.eG
definition 307
Gdetails
pc hardware man other tbl
a kind of manipulator similar to the touch screens. The only difference is that the control tablet is a separate device, lying flat on the desk and operated by touch.s of a human finger.
definition 309
Hdetails
pc hardware su mth cpu e
an internal storage unit of a processor or a adaptor. It is used for holding data in operation.
definition 305
Idetails
pc hardware man other lght
a seldom used pen-shaped pointing device
definition 308
Jdetails
pc software sys os msdos stru a
the process of computer reinitialization and the reloading of the operating system.
definition 310
vKdetails
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom
(Compact Disk - Read Only Memory) - the most widespread kind of optical disk. It resembles a standard audio CD, and can store up to 750 Mb of information, but once recorded on a CD-ROM's contents can not be modified.n not be modified. Detailed: H634/CD-ROM
definition 311
Mdetails
pc hardware su ds ds opt wrm
Write Once, Read Many - a kind of optical disk media which can be written by the user but only once. I.e. once written the information cannot be changed or deleted from the WORM disk. 4/WORM)N
definition 312
PNdetails
pc hardware su ds ds opt mag
a kind of optical disk media which is based on a combination of laser and magnetic technology. It is a portable disk of high capacity whose contents can be modified whenever required. ed: H634/REWRITABLE OPTICAL DISKS
definition 317
Odetails
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom g
a microscopic depression on a CD-ROM's recording surface. Every transition from pit to land and from land to pit is interpreted as a bit of value 1.
definition 318
Pdetails
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom g
a microscopic part of a CD-ROM's recording surface between two pits.Each transition from pit to land and from land to pit is interpreted as a bit of value 1.
definition 320
a standards-approving committee of the USA Standards Institute headquartered in NY City. Among other things, it prepares and establishes standards for data transmission codes, protocols, media and high-level programming languages........
definition 322
`Sdetails
pc software sys os LAN m
within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, the lowest level of data transmission via networks. It determines the electrical, mechanical and handshaking procedures. It encodes data frames into the form acceptable to a medium along which it is going to be transmitted.
definition 323
Tdetails
pc software sys os LAN m
the second network communication layer in the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model, is located between the physical and network layers, which supervises the transmission. It confirms the checksum of data frames, duplicates them and keeps their copies until it receives a confirmation that the frame has arrived at the next point undamaged.
definition 327
Vdetails
pc software sys os LAN m
a network communication standard defined in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. There are seven layers (application, presentation, session, transport, network, data-link, and physical), each implementing a certain stage of the data transmission process.ain stage of the data transmission process.}X
definition 328
Xdetails
pc hardware lan
a multi-computer system for linking terminals, programs, storage, and graphics devices to multiple workstations over relatively small geographical areas.
definition 332
Ydetails
pc hardware lan a
a cable made of thin filaments made of glass through which a light beam can be transmitted over long distances by means of multiple internal reflections.
definition 347
Zdetails
pc hardware lan
a card used to physically link a computer to a network and support network communications. The network interface cards of individual PCs are connected together by cables.
RXLXLX
pc glossary H
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definition 350
details
pc hardware lan c
a network topology in which each station is attached to a separate line, leading to the same hub or central station, and communicates with all other stations through that hub or the central station. This topology is used in the ArcNet, RX-Net, and STARLAN networks.
related 350
Network Topology
Arcnet
Hubrlan
definition 351
details
pc hardware lan b
a hardware device used in Starlan networks to attach extra components. It is an active hub to which the workstations are connected.
related 351
Network Equipment
Starlan
Active Hub
LAN Workstation
definition 352
details
pc hardware lan b
a four-wire connection cable that links the stations in Starlan networks.
related 352
Starlan
definition 353
details
pc hardware lan b
a hardware device via which cables are connected in Starlan networks.
related 353
Network Equipment
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
definition 354
details
pc hardware lan d
one of the two types of coaxial cables that can be used to connect stations on the Ethernet network. As compared with thick cable, it limits the distance between the stations, but costs less.
related 354
Ethernet
Thick Cable
Coaxial Cable
Network Equipment
definition 355
details
pc hardware lan d
one of the two types of coaxial cables that can be used to connect stations on the Ethernet network. As compared with thin cable, it provides better protection from noise and supports a larger distance between the stations.
related 355
Ethernet
Network Equipment
Coaxial Cableoaxial Cable
definition 356
details
pc hardware lan e
a hardware device to which stations on the Token-Ring network are connected. It is equipped with two ports - Ring In (RI) and Ring Out (RO) connectors. The cable connects the RO of one 8228 access device to the RI of another and so on, until it reaches the RI of the first 8228 access device thus forming the Token-Ring topology of a network.
related 356
Network Equipment
Token-Ring
Ring In Connector
Ring Out Connector
definition 357
details
pc hardware lan e
one of the 8228 access device's ports used to connect the stations on the Token-Ring networks.
related 357
Ring In Connector
Network Equipment
Token-Ring
8228 Access Device
definition 359
details
pc software sys os bas sup b
one of the main functions of the operating system. It includes sharing computational resources (CPU, memory etc.) and peripherals among running processes.
related 359
Computational Resources
File Sharing
Multitasking
Networking Operating System
definition 360
a CPU time, one of the most important computer resources. The operating system schedules the CPU time between different processes in accordance with a specific strategy.
related 360
Central Processing Unit
Operating System
Process
Peripheral Devicee!
definition 361
details
pc software sys os bas sup a
an operating system which can support only a single task running. To start another task the current one must be finished. MS-DOS is an example of a single tasking system.Y
related 361
Multitasking Operating System
MS-DOSOS
definition 362
details
pc software sys os bas sup c
a strategy of CPU sharing in a multitasking environment. The operating system leaves it up to a process to use the CPU as long as it wants. The main problem with co-operative multitasking is that if a time consuming process grabs the CPU all other processes will be waiting for its completion. MS Windows is an example of a co-operative multitasking system.
related 362
Multitasking
Central Processing Unit
Operating System
Windows
definition 363
details
pc software sys os bas sup c
a strategy of CPU sharing in a multitasking environment. Pre-emptive multitasking is a scheme by which the operating system can temporarily suspend a process and activate another one. Each task has its own time slice for the CPU after which it waits for the next turn, so all the processes are running pseudo-concurrently. Special strategies assign the time slices according to the task's priority, how busy the system is and the required time for the task's completion.
related 363
Multitasking Operating System
Computational Resources
Processss _
definition 364
details
pc software sys os bas sup e
the simplest type of operating system memory management. In this scheme all processes are kept in the memory and cannot be moved to the disk. In single-tasking systems there is only one process and the memory is divided between firmware, the operating system and the task. In multitasking systems each process has its own memory partition protected from other processes.rocesses.
related 364
Virtual Memory
Memory Allocation
Operating System
Memory Pagingg
definition 365
*!details
pc software sys os bas sup e
an advanced type of operating system memory management. Dynamic memory management is a scheme by which processes can be moved back and forth between the main memory and the disk during execution. This is used to provide more memory space for the currently active processes. There are two main techniques for dynamic memory management - swapping and paging.
related 365
Operating system
Internal Memory
Memory Paging
Swapping
definition 366
#details
pc software sys os bas sup e
a technique for dynamic memory management which is based on the concept of virtual memory. It is divided into units called pages and can exceed the physical memory in size. Only active pages are kept in the physical memory. For access to the memory the virtual address is translated by the memory manager into the real location of the memory page.ectly to the bus but instead it is translated by the memory manager into the real location of the memory page and if the data is located on the disk it is loa ded into the physical memory.
related 366
Swapping
Memory Allocation
Memory Banking
definition 367
&details
pc hardware su mth mem
computer memory which is implemented in memory chips and addressable by the CPU.
related 367
Cache
Extended Memory
DRAM Chip
SRAM Chipsip
definition 368
J(details
pc software sys serv util i
interface environment for the operating system or a utility.
related 368
User Interface
Operating System
Utilityy
definition 369
)details
pc software sys os bas s o h
The Master Boot Record exists on every hard disk and contains the Partition Table and the program which loads the Boot Record of the active partition.vision is performed at the stage of disk preparation after the low-level formatting.
related 369
Hard Disk
Disk Logical Structure
definition 370
+details
pc software sys os bas s o a
a special record, which is supplied for every file and kept in a directory file, for arranging access to the file in the directory.
related 370
Directory
Disk System Area
definition 371
-details
pc software sys os bas s o f
a special program which is kept in the Boot Sector of a system disk and is activated by the BIOS for booting the operating system. .
related 371
Disk Logical Structure
Disk Sector
Disk System Area
Disketterea
Diskette
definition 372
.details
pc software sys os msdos stru f
the MS-DOS command processor.
related 372
Command Processor
MS-DOS
definition 373
/details
pc software sys os msdos stru b
a part of the MS-DOS kernel containing the file system management routines.
related 373
Operating System
MSDOS.SYS
COMMAND.COM
Kernel
definition 374
t1details
pc software sys os msdos stru c
a part of the MS-DOS kernel.
related 374
Operating System
IO.SYS
COMMAND.COM
Kernel
definition 375
2details
pc software sys os msdos comm
a command of the operating system which is kept in a file on disk and must be loaded into the memory before use.
related 375
Batch file
System Program
Operating System
Memory
Program
definition 376
@4details
pc software sys os msdos comm
a command of the operating system which is kept in the memory.
related 376
Operating System
External Command]5
definition 377
5details
pc software sys os win k
an advanced technique for interprocess data sharing and exchange employed by MS Windows. It lets the user combine data from different applications as a collection, so that if you change a source object such as a spreadsheet table, the target document will be changed automatically.
related 377
Windows
definition 378
a rectangular area in the screen, which is dedicated to a certain application and is used for showing the information to the user and receiving user requests and commands.
related 378
Full Screen Interface
Scroll Bar
Applicationn
definition 379
$9details
pc software sys os win c
an executable code which can be shared among different processes. It is loaded dynamically when it is needed.
related 379
Windows
Process
Executable Codeq:
definition 380
:details
pc software sys os win f
Windows's configuration file.
related 380
Windows
SYSTEM.INI
definition 381
;details
pc software sys os win f
Windows' configuration file.)<
related 381
Windows
WIN.INI
definition 382
<details
pc software sys os win g
the Windows program which provides the user interface for working with the file system.
related 382
Windows
File System
definition 383
>details
pc software sys os win l
an advanced technique employed by MS Windows for using the same program code with different data sets.
related 383
Operating System
Windows
definition 384
p?details
pc software sys os bas sup c
a strategy for CPU sharing in a multitasking environment.
related 384
Multitasking
Computational Resources
Process
definition 385
@details
pc software sys os multi unix d
independence from any specific hardware platform. It depends on portability of the software.
related 385
Software
Hardware
Portability
definition 386
"Bdetails
pc software sys os multi unix d
a property of a software program. It ensures the ease with which it can be moved to another hardware platform.
related 386
Software
Hardware
Open Systemm
definition 387
Cdetails
pc software sys os multi unix c
a micro kernel for UNIX.
related 387
Operating System
Kernel
definition 388
Ddetails
pc software sys os multi os/2 b
the user interface module in OS/2 ver.2.x.GE
related 388
Presentation Manager
User Interface
definition 389
Edetails
pc software sys os multi os/2 b
the user interface module in OS/2 ver.1.x.
related 389
Workplace Shell
User Interface
definition 390
>Gdetails
pc software sys os multi winnt b
a multiprocessor computer configuration where each task can be run on a dedicated processor without time slicing. This is implemented in Windows NT.=H
related 390
Windows NT
Time-Sharing
Multitaskingg
definition 391
Hdetails
pc software sys os LAN j
the main problem for a file server when several applications try to update the same file at the same time.
related 391
File Server
Network
File Sharing Attributes=J
definition 392
dJdetails
pc software sys os LAN l
One of the most widely observed protocols, initially implemented in UNIX. This protocol was developed by the US Department of Defense and is now used as the de facto industry standard for communication across different networks.
related 392
Protocol
definition 393
8Ldetails
pc software sys os LAN l
IBM's NetBIOS protocol is specially intended for linking network operating systems to specific hardware. It has become de facto industry standard for hardware devices if they are intended to be integrated into a LAN.sM
related 393
Networking Operating System
Protocol
Network Software
definition 394
(Ndetails
pc software sys serv util a
Files are stored on disks as a sequence of clusters. However, these clusters can be distributed over the disk. Disk space defragmentation utilities arrange file clusters into sequential order.MO
related 394
Cluster
Utilityy
definition 395
Odetails
pc software sys serv util b
a utility program which is aimed at restoring deleted files.
related 395
Utility
Disk System Area
definition 396
FQdetails
pc software sys serv util b
a utility program which is aimed at deleting files in such a way that it will not be possible to UNERASE them.
related 396
Utility
File System
File System
definition 397
Rdetails
pc software sys serv comp
a compressed collection of files intended to be kept for the long term.
related 397
File System
File System
File Attributes
definition 398
$Tdetails
pc software sys serv vir vir d
a kind of computer virus which infects files rather than disk system area like boot viruses do.
related 398
Virus
Virus Detector
Immunizer
Virus Guard
Boot Virus
File Virus
Virus
Virus Detector
Immunizer
Virus Guard
Boot Virus
File Virus
definition 399
Udetails
pc software sys serv vir vir e
a kind of computer virus which resides in the boot sector.
related 399
Virus
Anti-virus
definition 358
,Wdetails
pc hardware lan e
one of the 8228 access device's ports used to connect the stations on the Token-Ring networks.
related 358
Network Equipment
Token-Ring
8228 Access Deviceg
8228 Access Device
pc glossary I
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definition 400
details
pc software sys serv vir avir c
an anti-virus program that prevents a computer from infecting by a virus.
related 400
Virus
Virus Detector
Anti-virus
Virus Guard
Boot Virus
File Virus
definition 401
details
pc software pack word b
a program especially designed for the typing in of text and document preparation. Word processors provide not only means for typing saving and printing but also many utilities for text processing such as different fonts, spell checking, formatting etc.
related 401
Integrated Package
Text Editor
Spell Checker
Printer
Desk-top Publishing Systems
WYSIWYG
definition 402
details
pc software pack word i
in text editing a text file fragment which can be treated as a single unit. Blocks can be cut, copied, deleted and pasted.
related 402
Text Mode
Text Editor
definition 403
details
pc software pack spread c
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
related 403
Spreadsheet
Internal Memory[
definition 404
details
pc software pack spread e
several sheets aggregated into a single spreadsheet.
related 404
Spreadsheet
Application
definition 405
details
pc software pack spread f
storage, sorting, retrieval and modification of large amounts of data.W
related 405
Data Base Management System
Data Base Management System
Database Systemm
definition 406
details
pc software pack databases
a data base management system with data files. It is intended for the managing of large amounts of data.
related 406
Data Base Management System
Database Record
Database System
Data Management
Relational Database
definition 407
details
pc software pack databases b
the most popular model of DBS. Data is represented in the form of records gathered in tables.
related 407
Database
Database Record
definition 408
details
pc software pack databases e
Structure Query Language - one of the most popular query languages for Databases. It is supported by the majority of DBMSs in personal computers..
related 408
Database
Data Base Management System
User Interface
definition 409
the ability of a program to use data prepared in other programs in a different format.ormat.q
related 409
Data Export
Application Package
definition 410
the ability of a program to convert its data into a form acceptable by other programs which use different formats.s.
related 410
Application Packageation Package
definition 411
details
pc software pack prof d
Computer-Aided Design - special software which supports all stages of engineering and design. CADs integrate traditional applications, such as databases, text editors and spreadsheets with 3D computer graphics and powerful modeling tools.
related 411
Application
Graphics Mode
Graphics Editor
related 412
Application Package
Spreadsheet
Text Editor
Data Base Management Systemm
related 413
Protocol
Communication Package
definition 414
details
pc software pack comm i
a method of off-line information exchange among many users using modem communications.%
related 414
Modem
definition 415
details
pc software pack music e
Musical Instrument Digital Interface. This interface was designed for real time synthesized sound transmission. Via this interface electronic musical instruments can be connected and controlled by the computer. The MIDI is implemented in special MIDI boards.
related 415
Hypermedia
Sound Card
Sound Editor
definition 416
an advanced field of computer applications which combine interactive text, graphics, animation, video and sound.video and sound.g
related 416
Videosystem
Sound Card
Optical disk
Animation
definition 417
details
pc hardware su ds ds opt rom b
Multimedia PC - a standard of hardware equipment for running multimedia programs. This standard was introduced by Microsoft and includes a 386 PC with 4Mb of memory, equipped with a sound card and a CD-ROM, and running Windows.
related 417
Hypermedia
Windows
Optical Disk
CD-ROM
definition 418
$ details
pc software pack game
application programs intended for entertainment.
related 418
Application
definition 419
L!details
pc software sys os LAN c
an interconnection device which can connect LANs at the data-link level, allowing similar software running on Ethernet or Token-Ring to communicate. Bridges can read and filter data packets and frames and use an integral definition address to decide whether or not to pass a packet.
related 419
Network
Ethernet
Token-Ring
Frame
definition 420
p#details
pc software sys os LAN f
special software which supplements multitasking operating systems with networking capabilities.
related 420
Network
Network Equipment
LAN Server
LAN Workstationn
definition 421
$details
pc software sys os LAN g
an operating system for LAN servers. It provides and controls multiple simultaneous access to the network resources such as server's disk drives, printers and other peripherals, while in workstations it intercepts and redirects application requests to the appropriate server.
related 421
Network
Windows NT
Windows for Workgroups
Resource Management
related 422
Network Topology
Windows for Workgroups
Resource Managementt
definition 423
'details
pc software sys os LAN j
a mechanism intended to ensure the integrity of data stored on the network storage device while enabling several programs to share the same file at the same time. Blocking limits access to the file from other programs, while one of programs is working with it.5)
related 423
Network
Data Management
definition 424
)details
pc software sys os LAN k
values which are assigned to a file to specify its current access status in the multitasking operating system.
related 424
File Sharing
File Attributes
Networkutes
File System
NetworkI+
definition 425
p+details
pc software sys os LAN l
a set of strict rules required to establish, maintain, and control communications on a network.
related 425
Network Architecture
Open Systems Interconnection
Communications Layer
Protocol
definition 426
-details
pc software sys os LAN m
a set of rules which determine mechanisms and ordering for data exchange in the data exchange hierarchy. The OSI model uses seven layers.
related 426
Protocol
Communications Layer
Application Layer
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
definition 427
/details
pc software sys os LAN f
any device which can be shared by networking computers; for instance a CPU, disk storage, a printer etc.
related 427
Resource Management
File Sharing
Computational Resourcesk0
definition 428
0details
pc software sys os LAN a
a procedure by which a user starts a terminal session.+1
related 428
Application Package
Modem
Application
Communication Port
LogoutCode
Logout
definition 429
1details
pc software sys os LAN a
an individual alphanumeric code which the user should enter to be recognized by the network as a legal user when he starts the session by the login command.and.
related 429
Application Package
Modem
Application
Communication Port
Login
definition 430
3details
pc software sys os LAN a
a procedure by which the user ends a terminal session.U4
related 430
Application Package
Modem
Application
Communication Port
Login
Login Codee
definition 431
"5details
pc software sys os LAN b
the LAN's main computer which shares its CPU time, disk space, printers and other resources among the client workstations. Non-dedicated servers can be used as workstations, in contrast to dedicated ones, whose only task is LAN management.
related 431
Network
File Server
Network Architecture
Network Resourcework Resource
definition 432
B7details
pc software sys os LAN b
a procedure which accompanies the user login to the network, aimed at identifying the user, granting rights to access particular network resources etc.
related 432
Login
Network Resource
Session
definition 433
8details
pc software sys os LAN b
a networking computer with huge disk storage which provides file sharing among network users.
related 433
Network
definition 434
*:details
pc software sys os multi
an operating system which enables several programs to run simultaneously.
related 434
Operating System
Windows NT
definition 435
~;details
pc software sys os LAN d
a way of improving fault tolerance in a network. In a mirrored system, all file server activity is duplicated on a hard disk, creating an exact replica of network data.
related 435
Duplexing
File Server
definition 436
"=details
pc software sys os LAN d
a file server hard disk used in the mirroring technique to keep an exact replica of network data.
related 436
Network
File Server
definition 437
>details
pc software sys os LAN d
A technique which increases the fault tolerance of networks. In a duplexed system, there are two identical copies of nearly all hardware, particularly the disk controller, disk drive and power supply. If one component goes wrong, the second one is switched in under software control with no disruption to the user.
related 437
Network
Network Equipment
definition 438
@details
pc software sys os LAN e
a unit which protects from failures in the mains power supply. It generates an extremely well-behaved AC power signal and maintains the supply in case of failure for a limited period of time.period of time.
related 438
Power Supply
File Server
LAN Security
definition 439
a copy of computer memory contents created by a LAN server after a fault. It is used for restoring network activity.9C
related 439
Network
Network Software
LAN Server
definition 440
Cdetails
pc software pack comm a
a keyboard with a monitor which provides a window to the central computer.
related 440
Display
Keyboard
definition 441
Edetails
pc software pack comm b
the off-line transmission of letters, messages, and memos from one computer to another without using printed copies.
related 441
Communication Device
Network
Communication PackageyF
definition 442
Fdetails
pc software sys os LAN j
a state which may arise during the execution of concurrent processes, when processes are each waiting for the other to terminate before they continue their own execution. This situation typically occurs in resource sharing when proper access discipline is not provided by a network.
related 442
Network
Multitasking
definition 443
Hdetails
pc software sys os LAN k
one of the attributes assigned to a file to coordinate access to data stored in it when sharing this file among several programs running under the multitasking operating system.
related 443
File Sharing
File Sharing Attributes
Network Resource
Network Software
definition 444
Jdetails
pc software sys os LAN k
an attribute value assigned to a file which indicates whether this file can be accessed from another workstation and the type of access.
related 444
File Sharing
Resource Management
Workstation
definition 445
VLdetails
pc software sys os LAN l
a high-level interconnection device which passes packets of data from one type of networking system to another by converting the protocols used for communication.[M
related 445
Network
Ethernet
Token-Ring
Frame
Bridge
definition 446
Ndetails
pc software sys os LAN m
one of the seven layers within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model of network communications, which selects a route for messages and addresses them to the receiving computer.
related 446
Communications Layer
Application Layer
Data-Link Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layerr
definition 447
Pdetails
pc software sys os LAN m
one of the seven layers within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model of network communications, which subdivides data into frames and protects data sent over a network. It creates checksum tests and a backup copy of each frame, then sends a request for retransmission, if any of them were damaged or missed out.
related 447
Communications Layer
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
definition 448
Rdetails
pc software sys os LAN m
one of the seven layers within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model of network communications, which marks the beginning and end of a message and establishes the mode (half-duplex or full-duplex) in which the message will be sent over a network.
related 448
Communications Layer
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Transport Layer
definition 449
Udetails
pc software sys os LAN m
one of the seven layers within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model of network communications. Since different PCs have different standards for data transmission and encoding, it will ( if necessary) translate a message sent over a network into a form which the receiving computer can accept.
related 449
Communications Layer
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Application Layer
Physical Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layerr_W
definition 412
Wdetails
pc software pack busi
an all-in-one software product which integrates different modules used for office automation, such as, a spreadsheet, a word processor, a DB, a graphics editor and communication software.re.
definition 413
Xdetails
pc software pack comm f
the simplest method of digital data transmission without any modification such as data compression or any verification techniques.echniques.
definition 422
Ydetails
pc software sys os LAN h
a networking architecture. All the clients of a peer-to-peer network can function as a file server, allowing other clients to access hard disks, printers and other peripherals directly..
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definition 450
details
pc software sys os LAN m
one of the seven layers within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, which prepares a message to be sent over a network. It converts the message from human-readable form into bits and specifies the sender's and receiver's addresses.-
related 450
Communications Layer
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
definition 451
a period of time in which the user engages in dialog with an interactive computer system.
related 451
Application Package
Multi-User Operating System
User Interfacece
definition 452
v details
pc software pack comm e
the basic unit of data which is sent over the network. Besides the message itself, a packet includes the identities of the sending and receiving stations, error-control information and verification data.
related 452
Communications Layer
Network
definition 453
details
pc software sys os LAN m
the interconnection standard published by the International Standards Organization (ISO). It describes seven layers of network communications, from the physical layer dealing with physical connections to the application layer. .n layer.
related 453
Sector
Access Timeplication Layer
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
definition 454
a binary sum of bytes in a data block used to verify the correctness and accuracy of data transmission, processing and storing.
related 454
Parity Bit
definition 455
details
pc software sys os LAN a
each of the individual PCs linked into a network to share information and peripheral devices. Generally, network stations operate similarly to normal stand-alone computers, running their own operating system, but they can access the resources of other computers of the network.
related 455
Network
Network Equipment
LAN Manager
LAN Server
definition 456
the individual in charge of the proper administration and control of network resources and their use.rces and their use.
related 456
Network Resource
LAN Manager
definition 457
measures taken to protect a network from unauthorized access, accidental or willful interference with normal operations, or destruction, including protection from power supply failure.?
related 457
Network
Network Equipment
LAN Manager
LAN Workstation Workstation
definition 458
details
pc software sys os LAN Z
an operating system which provides system resource sharing among remote computers and terminals.
related 458
Networking Operating System
Resource Management
definition 459
an elementary unit of the program. A statement to the processor which specifies an operation to be performed. An instruction is made up of an operation code and one or more operands.a
related 459
Central Processing Unit
Program
definition 460
details
pc software sys os win
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.;
related 460
80386
80486
Memory
Operating System
Windows NT
ows NT
Windows for Workgroups
definition 461
details
pc hardware su mth cpu a
a mode of computer operation when two or more applications can be running simultaneously. In computers with a single processor, a special operating system has to control multitasking by sharing CPU time between applications.Y
related 461
Multi-Programming Operating System
-Programming Operating System
definition 462
details
pc hardware su mth cpu e
a numerical identifier which defines the location of the RAM, communication port, disk surface position etc. Usually a hexadecimal address is used to specify the location.
related 462
Disk System Area
Disk Sector
stem Area
Disk Sector
definition 463
details
pc software sys os win e
an extended memory management driver. HIMEM.SYS protects a memory block to be used by two applications at the same time.
related 463
HIMEM
definition 464
details
pc software sys os win e
a disk cacheing driver, which speeds-up data exchange with hard disks. It requires extended or expanded memory to be installed.
related 464
Hard Disk
Extended Memory
Driverr
definition 465
details
pc hardware su mth cpu f
the address of the first byte of a program or data loaded in the memory.{
related 465
Address
Program
definition 466
!details
pc software firm e
an address in the memory from which execution of a program is started. Normally it is a program's starting address, however some programs have several entry points. For instance, the BIOS is a single program with several entry points for particular BIOS routines.
related 466
Program
Central Processing Unit
Address
definition 467
details
pc software sys os bas sup
a program loaded into the memory for execution. Since the same program can be loaded several times the operating system works on each of the loaded instances as a separate process.?$
related 467
Program
Multi-Programming Operating System
Multitaskingg
definition 468
$details
pc software sys os bas call
a call to the operating system by a program to access a hardware resource. The operating system hides low-level implementation of this access in a routine which is invoked by a system call.
related 468
Operating System
BIOS Interrupt
System Kernelel
definition 469
reading the contents of a file into the memory. Only loaded information can be used by the processor. A loaded program is called a process. Data to be modified must also be loaded into the memory..
related 469
Application Package
Save Command
Filer
Entry Point
definition 470
t(details
pc software pack word a
since data cannot be kept in the memory over the long term it must be stored on a disk or saved.5)
related 470
Application Package
Load Command
definition 471
a copy of a file which is kept for reference in case the original file or disk is damaged.
related 471
Archivator
definition 472
+details
pc software sys os bas sup e
a memory management technique of the operating system, which allows programs to behave as if there were more RAM than is actually present. It is achieved by allocating special space on a hard disk to simulate additional RAM by swapping data between RAM and disk.y,
related 472
Memory Allocation
Operating System
Swapping
Paged Memory
definition 473
8-details
pc software sys os bas sup d
a distribution of memory space between tasks.
related 473
Addressed Memory Space
SwappingMemory Paging
Swapingi.
definition 474
.details
pc software sys os bas sup c
the sharing of the CPU time on a single computer system among multiple tasks running simultaneously.[/
related 474
Computational Resources
Multitasking
definition 475
0details
pc software prog a
an error made by programmer in the source code of a program, which results in the program behaving inappropriately.
related 475
Program
Debug
definition 476
a process of searching for and fixing bugs in a program.
related 476
Program
Programming Language
definition 477
a file containing instructions for the processor. These files are created by a compiler from a source text of a program.
related 477
COM-file
EXE-file
Compiler
definition 478
a collection of different data elements arranged into a single data unit.
related 478
Programming Language
Data Type
Program Structuringg
definition 479
4details
pc software pack databases d
a property of data which determines the method of storing it in memory and the possible operations which can be applied to it. For example, numerical data can be added, multiplied etc. for true or false.
related 479
Data Structure
Programming Language
Boolean
Variable
Constantnt
definition 480
a file which can be created by a process for the temporary storing of its service data on the disk.
related 480
Process
definition 481
7details
pc software sys os bas s f f d
a character inserted into a stream of data as a signal to the receiving unit to perform a function or to identify the structure of the data.
related 481
Peripheral Device
ASCII
definition 482
text of the program written by a programmer in one of the programming languages. The compiler generates an executable code of the program from its source code.
related 482
Programming Language
Executable File
Compiler
Interpreterr
definition 483
;details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd c
an area on a hard disk which is recognized by the operating system as a separate drive. Partitions are created after low-level formatting of disks and are used to divide the hard disk into several logical drives.s.Y<
related 483
Hard Disk
Logical Drive
High-Level Formatting
definition 484
an internal resident module of the operating system, responsible for control of processes and allocation of system resources.
related 484
Operating System
IO.SYS
MSDOS.SYS
COMMAND.COM
definition 485
l>details
pc software firm b
computer booting performed when switching the computer on or by pressing the RESET button while the power is on.9?
related 485
Booting
Warm Boot
definition 486
?details
pc software sys os msdos stru a
computer rebooting performed by pressing the CTRL-ALT-DEL combination on the keyboard while the computer is switched on. During warm restart some steps of the START-UP procedure are skipped in contrast to cold boot.
related 486
Cold Boot
Keyboard
BIOS Startup Routine
definition 487
a program which resides in the RAM once started from disk and can be activated directly, i.e. without accessing the disk. The operating system kernel, device drivers, viruses and anti-virus guards are implemented as memory resident programs.
related 487
Program
Kernel
Operating System
DOSYC
definition 488
Cdetails
pc basics package j
a text or message displayed by the operating system to request a user input.)D
related 488
MS-DOS
Command Line Interface
definition 489
Ddetails
pc software sys os bas s f f c
a file which is not shown in the directory list, but can be handled like any other file. A special file attribute is assigned to a file to make it hidden.dden.
related 489
Operating System
File System
File Archive
File AttributesgF
definition 490
Fdetails
pc software sys os win k
a data exchange method used in Windows. Different applications can send each other data in a recognizable format.
related 490
Windows
Data Export
Data Import
definition 491
Hdetails
pc software sys os win j
a temporary memory buffer used for data exchange, for instance, between Windows applications.
related 491
Windows
definition 492
jIdetails
pc software sys os bas sup e
a memory management technique which uses dynamic exchange between RAM and hard disk when the operating system runs low in memory. Used in virtual memory management.
related 492
Memory Allocation
Hard Disk
Operating System
definition 493
BKdetails
pc software sys os win h
a Windows operating mode when a PC has less than 1Mb of RAM. This mode provides compatibility with applications created under Windows versions prior to 3.0.AL
related 493
Windows
Standard Mode
Enhanced Mode
definition 494
Ldetails
pc software sys os win h
the normal operating mode for running Windows, which provides access to extended memory and switching between Windows and non-Windows applications.
related 494
Windows
Real Mode
Enhanced Mode
definition 495
zNdetails
pc software sys os win h
a Windows operating mode which requires a PC equipped with the 80386 or higher microprocessor and with at least 2 Mb of memory. In the enhanced mode Windows supports memory paging and a CPU running in protected mode.
related 495
Windows
Real Mode
Standard Mode
Central Processing Unit
Memory Allocation
Memory Paging
Internal MemoryyyP
definition 496
Pdetails
pc software sys os multi unix c
a reduced hardware dependent version of the operating system kernel. Such a kernel provides better portability and flexibility when adjusting to a specific computer system configuration. It can be easily supplemented with additional modules.
related 496
Kernel
Operating System
definition 497
Rdetails
pc software sys os multi os/2
concurrent processing of more than one service request by an application program, i.e. embedded multitasking.
related 497
Windows
Multi-Programming OS
Multitasking
Application
definition 498
Tdetails
pc software sys serv vir vir
a program written by a computer hacker just to show how clever he is. Viruses reproduce themselves and travel from computer to computer via data transfer media. Some viruses can seriously damage the programs and data stored on your disk.isk.
related 498
Anti-Virus
Virus Guard
Immunizertector
Immunizer
definition 499
*Vdetails
pc software sys serv vir avir
a program written to combat against computer viruses.
related 499
Virus
Virus Detector
Immunizer
Virus Guard
Boot Virus
File Virus
pc hardware mon crt
pc hardware mon crt h
pc hardware other modem o
pc hardware other modem o
pc hardware keyb b
pc hardware keyb f
pc hardware keyb j
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pc hardware su mth cpu 586 g
pc hardware su mth cpu rap c
pc basics package d
pc basics abc d
pc software firm
pc software sys os LAN
pc software firm h
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Professional Application/
:PHYSSIZE
ANIMATORSssSSSSSSSSSS
Animation brings life to any interactive application, be it computer game, educational program or presentation. Just like cartoons, a computer animation consists in playing back a sequence of individual pictures, or frames.
Special animation software is used for creating moving images. With Autodesk Animator Pro, one of the most well-known packages, you can create two-dimensional animated sequences. For a simple animation, an appropriate number of frames is created and the corresponding picture is loaded into each frame. For more advanced animations the program provides a set of functions to create and modify images, add text, combine graphic objects, perform special effects, etc.
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GlossaryTerm
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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ANIMATION
a sequence of videoimages - moving screen objects.
Application gloss
Application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
Application gloss
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Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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pc software pack prof e
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pc software pack prof b
Professional Application7
:PHYSSIZE
3D GRAPHICS PACKAGES
To produce 3-D images a specially designed type of software is used. Producing a 3D image starts with defining a graphic object in three-dimensional space, i.e. producing a 3D skeleton. For instance, wire-frame models are produced by many CAD programs. Once all 3D objects are defined, the next step is to organize them to create a scene description. This involves placing lights to illuminate the objects' surfaces and determining the view by choosing a camera position. The next step is rendering, when numeric description of the scene is converted into the individual color values of the display surface.
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Computer designers often use a combination of ray tracing, shading and texture mapping techniques to create the desired look. Most 3D packages support the full sequence, however there exist stand-alone rendering programs, which support the importing of scene descriptions from other packages.
:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
DISPLAY
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.raditional applications, such as databases, text editors and spreadsheets with 3D computer graphics and powerful modeling tools.ions and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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DETAILS
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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Software gloss
Display gloss
CAD PACKAGE
Computer-Aided Design - special software which supports all stages of engineering and design. CADs integrate traditional applications, such as databases, text editors and spreadsheets with 3D computer graphics and powerful modeling tools.
DETAILS
CAD Package gloss
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DISPLAY
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.
Display gloss
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pc hardware mon lcd
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pc hardware mon lcd a
LCD Display
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LCD displays use optical properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals are organic materials which stay in mesophase, the intermediate phase between solid and liquid. Bonds between the molecules are weak and the crystal's structure can easily be changed, for example, by an electric field.
The optical properties of the crystal, such as refraction and polarization, change with its structure. Thus, both monochrome and color pictures can be obtained.
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Video Adaptor
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A video adaptor is used together with the monitor for on-screen data output. It is mostly aimed at image generation. The monitor transforms digital signals of the adaptor into an analog form and produces on-screen image.
The main adaptor components are a CRT controller and a videomemory. Modern adaptors usually also comprise an attribute controller, graphics controller, control registers and analog-to-digital converter. Video adaptors are manufactured as an expansion card. The quality of on-screen images is mostly determined by the features of the video adaptor in use.
of the video adapter in use.
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GlossaryTerm
EXPANSION CARD
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.ry results in a change of the screen image. Each cell of the videomemory corresponds to a certain position on the display.
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Monitor gloss
Monitor gloss
MONITOR
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.
Monitor gloss
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DETAILS
Digital Signal gloss
Digital Signal gloss
DIGITAL SIGNAL
signal which is used in computers for representing information. This signal can be either high (1) or low (0).}*
Digital Signal gloss
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field "definition 201" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
CRT Controller gloss
CRT Controller gloss
CRT CONTROLLER
a part of the video adaptor, that controls the cathode ray tube operation./-
CRT Controller gloss
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field "definition 302" of page "pc glossary G"
DETAILS
Videomemory gloss
Videomemory gloss
VIDEOMEMORY
a part of the RAM where the screen image is stored. It is usually installed on the video adaptor board. A display adaptor reads this area of memory and redraws the screen image 60--70 times a second. Any change in the contents of the videomemory results in a change of the screen image. Each cell of the videomemory corresponds to a certain position on the display.
Videomemory gloss
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field "definition 184" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Analog-to-Digital Conve gloss
Analog-to-Digital Conve gloss
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
a device which converts continuous analog signals into discrete digital ones. Used, for example, in scanners.
Analog-to-Digital Conve gloss
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field "definition 4" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Expansion Card gloss
Expansion Card gloss
EXPANSION CARD
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.E7
Expansion Card gloss
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field "definition 74" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Video Adaptor gloss
Video Adaptor gloss
VIDEO ADAPTOR
a card which performs image formation and sends it to the monitor. It is usually implemented as a separate expansion board. There are several types of video adaptors, differing in the level of resolution and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.e limited in its capacity.
Video Adaptor gloss
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Protective Screen
What does the screen protect from ?
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:PHYSSIZE
Watching at the screen makes your eyes tired be it a computer monitor or an ordinary TV-set. But you are sitting closer to your monitor and watching it more attentively. That's why it is worthwhile to make some extra efforts to protect your eyes. Protective screen can help to do this.
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:PHYSSIZE
GlossaryTerm
MONITOR
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.
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DETAILS
Monitor gloss
Monitor gloss
MONITOR
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.
Monitor gloss
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field "definition 115" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
pc software pack game
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pc software pack word
pc hardware su mth bus g
pc hardware prn las d
pc hardware man other trck
pc hardware su mth bus i
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 g
pc hardware su mth cpu rap d
pc hardware su ds ds abt c
pc software pack music a
pc software pack word h
pc software sys serv comp c
pc software sys serv vir avir c
pc software sys os bas s o f
pc software sys os bas s o b
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pc glossary
0*3r3
nextPage
pc help
prevPage
pc software firm h
Glossary
definition
a prescribed sequence of steps for the solution of a problem in a finite number of steps. The algorithm is the basic concept of computing.f computing.40 MHz.a it transforms the computer's digital signals into analog signals (modulation) which can be transmitted along telephone lines; when receiving data it works the other way round (demodulation).peripheral devices.s.puter and runs.
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives. i$
definition 51
a device which transforms an input signal into the form acceptable by other hardware or software.
definition 52
a nonportable horizontal design of PC system unit.it.
definition 53
%details
pc software sys os bas s f d
a basic concept of the file system. Directories are used to group number of files under one heading. Directories can contain both files and other directories which are called subdirectories.
definition 54
'details
pc software sys os bas s o a
a file of special type which is used for implementation of the file system. Each directory is represented by such a file which consists of file records and subdirectory records.
definition 55
l(details
pc hardware su mth mem d
Dynamic Random Access Memory - memory chips of large capacity, which use recharge of p-n transition for their operation. When working, these chips periodically require regeneration. This process is called "dynamic memory regeneration" and is performed by a special controller mounted on the motherboard. These chips are used for the RAM implementation./*
definition 56
T*details
pc hardware su mth mem c
Static Random Access Memory - memory chips which do not require dynamic memory regeneration as the DRAMs. These microchips operate faster but have less capacity, considerable power consumption and are 4-5 times as expensive as the DRAM chips. They are usually used for the cache memory implementation.
definition 57
,details
pc hardware su ds ds
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.
definition 58
operations of reading from or recording to a disk.{-
definition 59
-details
pc hardware su ds ds
a chip which implements a certain protocol of data exchange between the disk drive and the RAM via a bus. It generates commands to the disk drive, for example, to shift the read-write head, to read a sector etc.
definition 60
/details
pc software sys os bas s o
area of fixed location on every DOS/Windows disk, where the `housekeeping' system information is stored. This information is used by the operating system and the BIOS for allocation of the file system on the disk. The Disk System Area consists of the Boot Sector, the FAT and the Root Directory.
definition 61
0details
pc hardware su ds ds flp
movable information storage media made of round 3.5" in diameter flexible film with a magnetic coating. 3.5" disks have an improved design as compared with 5.25" disks. They are enclosed in a hard plastic cover which makes them more robust. Their normal capacity is either 720 Kb or 1.44 Mb...
definition 62
d2details
pc hardware su ds ds flp dr b
a disk drive intended for working with 3.5" floppy disks.
definition 63
*3details
pc hardware su ds ds flp
a movable information storage media made of round 5.25" in the diameter flexible film with a magnetic cover and protected with a flexible plastic envelope. Its normal capacity is either 360 Kb (double density) or 1.21 Mb (high density).y4
definition 64
4details
pc hardware su ds ds flp dr c
a disk drive intended for working with 5.25" floppy disks.?5
definition 65
d5details
pc hardware su ds ds
an electro-mechanical unit of the computer which is intended to physically read from or write to the disk.
definition 66
h6details
pc hardware mon
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.
definition 67
f7details
pc hardware mon adap
a card which performs image formation and sends it to the monitor. It is usually implemented as a separate expansion board. There are several types of video adaptors, differing in the level of resolution and range of supported colors. These types are called the videotypes.
definition 68
8details
pc software firm h
A routine with low-level device specific code which hides hardware implementation from the higher-level software.st of software.
definition 69
9details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd hdd
a part of a disk drive which performs data reading and recording.
definition 70
:detailPage
pc hardware other modem a
;details
pc hardware other modem a
an operating mode of a data transmission channel which provides simultaneous both-way data traffic.
definition 71
;details
pc hardware mon crt d
a conductor set in a vacuum along which electric current is passed, thus producing flow of electrons. Used, for example, in cathode ray tubes (CRT) of computer monitors.
definition 72
0=details
pc software sys os bas s f f b
a special-format file, containing a program code which is ready for execution. The operating system recognizes such a file by its .EXE extension. In contrast to COM-files, EXE-files are used for keeping more complex programs.mplex programs.
definition 73
>details
pc hardware su mth mem k
EMS (Expanded Memory Specification) or LIM (Lotus, Intel and Microsoft designers). It is an expansion card installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. The expanded memory may be of special value because in contrast to the extended or the HIMEM memory it makes use of the addresses below the level of 1Mb thus expanding the DOS memory space.mory space.
definition 74
@details
pc hardware su mth exp
a board used to attach additional hardware or hardware control units (controllers) to the computer. It is installed into an expansion slot of the motherboard. Most external computer devices are connected to the machine via expansion boards.
definition 75
Bdetails
pc hardware su mth exp
slots on the motherboard where expansion cards can be installed. They are used to connect external devices to the system bus.
definition 76
Cdetails
pc hardware su mth mem i
RAM addresses above the limit of 1Mb are referred to as extended memory.
definition 77
a disk drive controller or a streamer controller.
definition 78
vDdetails
pc software sys os bas s o c
File Allocation Table. Part of the MS-DOS Disk System Area. It keeps chains of disk clusters corresponding to each file. By using the FAT the operating system knows which clusters to read to access a certain file or which clusters are still free for storing new information.ers are still free for storing new information.
definition 79
(Facsimile) a device used to send graphic images along ordinary telephone lines.
definition 80
Fdetails
pc software sys os bas s f f
a logical unit in data storage. It has its own name and is stored by the operating system as a distinct entity.
definition 81
Gdetails
pc software firm
low-level hardware dependent code usually stored in ROM and used to hide particular hardware implementation from the rest of software. The BIOS and device drivers constitute firmware of the IBM PC platform.!I
definition 82
a bit which indicates presence or absence of a certain property or a state.
definition 83
Idetails
pc hardware su ds ds flp
a kind of movable disk storage. It is a flexible magnetic disk enclosed in a plastic jacket. It should be inserted into a floppy disk drive for operation. Floppy disks provide information storage at low cost and come in two types - 5.25" and 3.5" disks.isks.OK
definition 84
tKdetails
pc hardware su ds ds flp con
a chip, which implements protocol of data exchange between a floppy disk drive and the memory via the system bus.
definition 85
Ldetails
pc hardware prn matr l
a set of images of the alphabet characters. Every font has a particular size, style and design.
definition 86
a procedure for organizing storage media space. There are two types of disk formatting: low-level and high-level. With the low-level formatting, the disk working surface is divided into tracks and sectors, thus defiining disk physical parameters. The high-level formatting determines the logical structure of the disk space.
definition 87
Odetails
pc software pack graphics
an application program aimed to design, store and output graphic images.
definition 88
OdetailPage
pc hardware other modem a
"Pdetails
pc hardware other modem a
a mode of communication, when information is transmitted in either direction in turn. There is a short break in transmission when switching between one direction to the other, to ensure synchronization of the transmitting and receiving parties..
definition 89
Qdetails
pc hardware su ds ds hrd
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
definition 90
Rdetails
pc hardware su ds ds hrd c
a hard disk identification determined by the disk control board switches or jumpers. It defines the order of checking and initialization of the disk during the start-up process. In some computers it can be defined via a SetUp utility.-T
definition 91
RTdetails
pc hardware
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
definition 92
2Udetails
##Interrupt System##
an interrupt generated by a hardware device to be serviced by the CPU.
processed by the interrupt controller and if approved executed by the CPU which interrupts its currently running program.
definition 93
zVdetails
##Interrupt System##
an interrupt generated by the currently running program for processing a certain system event by the corresponding interrupt handling routine.
definition 94
Wdetails
pc software prog b
hardware independent programming languages.
definition 95
LXdetails
pc basics package g
a key or a combination of keys which lets the user execute certain action immediately via a single keystroke, rather than using a menu or typing a command.
definition 96
nYdetails
pc basics abc a
a term covering all external computer units and peripheral devices which send data to the computer (input) and/or receives it (output). Some of them can do both of the operations. Input devices include the keyboard, manipulators, scanner etc. Output devices are things like monitors, printers, plotters, etc. Input/Output devices are disk drives, streamers etc.amers etc.
definition 97
`[details
pc software pack busi c
software environment, which lets the user solve a range of co-related tasks using unified dialog interface. Integrated packages include a number of specialized software modules, for instance, a word processor, a spreadsheet, a data base management system and provide data exchange between them..
definition 98
a data exchange controller, which implements a certain protocol of data exchange.
definition 99
]details
pc hardware su ds ds abt a
a hard disk format parameter that specifies the number of physical sectors skipped between logically neighboring ones to coordinate fast data flow from/to the disk read/write head and the lower-speed disk controller.
[t[t[
pc glossary C
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$P&t'
7*9R:
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Part III - Part III
:PHYSSIZE
related 100
Compiler
Programming Language
Compiler
related 101
Interrupt
Hardware Interrupt
Operating Systemable
Interrupt Vector
Int 13h
Hardware Interrupt
related 102
Manipulator
Mouse
Trackball
Light Pen
related 103
Hardware
Input/Output Device
related 104
Display
Monitor
Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
related 105
Hard Disk Logical Number
Operating system
related 106
Directory
Operating System
Disk System Area
Boot Sector
related 107
Streamer
Magnetic Media
related 108
Light Pen
Mouse
Trackball
Joystick
related 110
Boot Sector
Root Directory
Cluster
Addresss !
related 111
Track
Sector
Boot Sector
Diskette
Optical disk
related 112
System Unit
Desk-top computer
Towerr
related 113
Protocol
Serial Data Transmission
MNP Modems
Bimodem Protocol
Transmission Rate
Demodulation
XMODEM Protocol
YMODEM Protocol
ZMODEM ProtocolDEM ProtocolA
related 114
Demodulation
Modem
ADC(must be DAC
not present in list)
related 115
CRT Monitor
LCD Monitor?
related 116
Memory
Coprocessor
System Unit
Interrupt Controller
System Timer
Expansion Slot
related 117
Manipulator
Light Pen
Trackball
Joystick
Keyboard
related 118
Cursor
Mouse
related 119
MouseK
related 120
User Interface
Mouse Cursor
Mouse
related 121
Operating System
File System
Operating System
MS Windows
Windows NT
Windows for Workgroups
related 122
Application Package
Database System
Graphics Editor
Spreadsheet
Text Editor
User Interface
Speaker]
related 123
Sound Card
Digital Signal
Speaker
related 124
Utility
UtilityG
related 125
BIOS Startup Routine
Operating System
Operating System Booting
Boot Record
Boot Sector
related 126
Hard Disk
Floppy Disko
related 127
Serial Port
Input/Output Device
Serial Port
Port Address
related 128
Modem
Checksum
related 129
Hard Disk
related 130
Hard Disk
Formatting
Operating System
Boot Sector
Disk System Area
Sector
Logical Drive
Low-Level Formatting
related 131
Programming Language
Program
Programming System
Program Structuring
Procedural Languages
High-level Programming Languagesrogramming Languages
related 132
Bit-map
related 133
Diske
related 134
Printer
Peripheral Device
related 135
Serial Port
Parallel Port
Input/Output Device
related 136
Memory
related 137
Hardware
Uninterruptible Power Supply
System Unit
related 138
Low-Level Formatting
Disk Physical Parameters
related 139
Peripheral Device
Laser Printer
Matrix Printer
Ink-Jet Printer
Plotter
related 140
Pascal
Programming Language
Program Structuring/
related 141
Procedural Languages
Pascal
Programming Language
Program Structuring
related 142
Procedural Languages
Pascal
Programming Language
Programc
related 143
Interrupt
Timer
Programm
related 144
Procedural Languages
Pascal
Assembler
BASIC
Postscript
Program
related 145
Software
User Interface
Integrated Package
Programming Languagee
related 146
Display
Monitoru
related 147
Application Package
Database System
Graphics Editor
Spreadsheet
Text Editor
User Interface
related 148
Sequential Data Accessa Accesstial Data Access
Memory
related 149
Display
Monitor
Matrix Printer
Symbol Matrixx
definition 100
a program, which analyses instructions from the source text one by one and executes them immediately.
definition 101
T"details
##Interrupt system##
an interrupt processed by a corresponding BIOS interrupt routine.
servicing operation. This request can be generated both by a device to ask the CPU for some servicing or from a program to access to a device. Once it is completed the interrupted program can be continued. These routines are stored in the BIOS.
definition 102
:$details
pc hardware man joy
a lever-shaped manipulator with one or more buttons. Usually it is used in simulators or game software.re.
definition 103
(%details
pc hardware keyb
a device, which provides input of commands and data in real time. The keyboard is a part of the standard PC configuration. It is based on the traditional typewriter keyboard, but has additional functional and control keys to facilitate computer operation.
definition 104
&details
pc hardware mon lcd
screens which use the optical properties of liquid crystals. They are small and light, consume little power and are widely used in portable computers.
definition 105
'details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd c
part of a hard disk, distinguished by the operating system as a separate disk. On one hard disk it is possible to organize several logical drives. It is useful, for example, for speeding up access to the files on the disk or keeping different operating systems.stems.
definition 106
f)details
pc software sys os bas s o
a way of organizing the disk space by the operating system. It is described in the Disk System Area./*
definition 107
V*details
pc hardware su ds
external long-term storage media, such as disks and tapes, which operates on the basis of residual magnetism.
definition 108
F+details
pc hardware man
a device which lets the user control the computer without using the keyboard. The most common manipulators are mice and joysticks.!,
definition 110
H,details
pc software sys os bas s o g
a set of characteristics stored in the disk Boot Sector which determines the logical structure of a disk. These include the cluster size, size and address of the FAT and the root directory, etc. Using these data the operating system can access different types of disks.
definition 111
-details
pc hardware su ds ds hrd a
a set of characteristics stored in the disk Boot Sector, which determines the capacity and low-level organization of the disk surface. These characteristics include the number of tracks, the number of sectors per track, sector size, etc.
definition 112
nonportable vertical design of the PC system unit.
definition 113
0detailPage
pc hardware other modem
.0details
pc hardware other modem
-MOdulator-DEModulator - a device used for communication between computers via ordinary telephone lines. It is connected to the serial port. When sending data it transforms the computer's digital signals into analog signals (modulation) which can be transmitted along telephone lines; when receiving data it works the other way round (demodulation).
definition 114
2detailPage
pc hardware other modem j
H2details
pc hardware other modem j
the process of converting data from digital form into analog form for transmission by the cable. Used in communication by modems and data transmission over networks.
definition 115
3details
pc hardware mon crt
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.14
definition 116
X4details
pc hardware su mth
the main board of the computer. It is located in the system unit and includes the microprocessor, the bus, the memory, the interrupt controller, the system timer, expansion slots, etc.m5
definition 117
5details
pc hardware man mouse
the most popular manipulator. The mouse is operated by moving it on a desktop or on a special pad and pressing the buttons. Movement of the mouse corresponds to the movement of the pointer (cursor) on the screen.
definition 118
6details
pc hardware man mouse a
a screen object which indicates the current active position on the screen; it is moved about by using a mouse.
definition 119
7details
pc hardware man mouse c
areas on the screen which are associated with certain commands. When the mouse pointer is inside such an area and a certain mouse button is pressed, the command is invoked. On the display such areas are marked with different colors or portrayed, for example, as images of buttons.]9
definition 120
9details
pc hardware man mouse c
user interface designed to be controlled with the mouse instead of the keyboard. The mouse interface is an important part of the Graphic User Interface (GUI).).
definition 121
:details
pc software sys os msdos
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS-DOS is the oldest operating system on the IBM PC market. It appeared together with the first IBM PC in April 1981. Even now MS-DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.l 1981. Even now MS DOS is still the most widely spread PC operating system.
definition 122
v<details
pc software pack music
an application program used to compose and play music.
definition 123
4=details
pc software pack music a
a device intended to generate sound in a digital way.
definition 124
=details
pc software sys os
the main software component which is responsible for operating the computer itself. Its main functions are: booting, file system support, resource management, process running etc.
definition 125
,?details
pc software sys os msdos stru a
the process of loading the operating system's basic modules from a disk into the RAM. After the loading the operating system starts to control the computer.1@
definition 126
X@details
pc hardware su ds ds opt
Optical disks are advanced movable disk storage of high capacity and robustness. There are three main types of the optical disks: CD-ROM, WORM and Rewritable. For accessing an optical disk a special laser beam is used.
definition 127
Adetails
pc hardware su port par
a PC communication port which is mostly used for printer attachment. It transmits all the bits of every byte simultaneously.
definition 128
a special bit used for verification of the accuracy of a data transfer. This bit is appended to a sequence of bits to be transferred. The binary sum of binary digits in the sequence including the parity bit is always odd or always even, if data transfer has been performed correctly.
definition 129
a way of ensuring the safety of the hard disk when the computer is being transported. The hard disk heads are positioned above unused media areas to make sure that they do not damage the disk while the computer is being moved.QE
definition 130
xEdetails
pc software sys os bas s o i
a table which has a fixed position on every hard disk. Special data, which specifies how the disk is divided into logical drives, is recorded into this table during the low-level formatting.g.
definition 131
Fdetails
pc software prog c
a high-level procedural programming language. It has very clear syntax and was originally intended for teaching purposes.
definition 132
Gdetails
pc hardware mon char
an elementary dot on the screen. The monitor screen can be seen as a large pixel matrix and the screen image as a collection of pixels of different color.
definition 133
Hdetails
pc hardware su ds ds abt
a magnetic disk storage media. surface of a disk.
definition 134
IdetailPage
pc hardware other plot
Idetails
pc hardware other plot
a device used for output drawings, diagrams, maps etc. onto paper or a special film. Plotters are usually used in CAD packages, though some graphics editors can output to a plotter as well.tter as well.
definition 135
*Kdetails
pc hardware su port
an electronic unit for connecting a peripheral device to the computer. Port implements particular data exchange protocol to transmit the data between the computer and a peripheral device.
definition 136
a two-byte address by which the CPU can access information from the port.
definition 137
Mdetails
pc hardware su pow
a voltage transformation device. It is incorporated in the system unit and is used to provide the power supply for all computer modules.
definition 138
6Ndetails
pc hardware su ds ds abt a
modification of the disk record density, to compensate unequality of the geometrical form of the tracks.
definition 139
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pc hardware prn
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.
definition 140
Odetails
pc software prog d
programming languages, strictly based on the concept of algorithm, i.e. on the idea of the sequential program execution.
definition 141
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs..
definition 142
division of a program source text into semantically integral blocks. The structuring facilitates software design and maintenance, and also makes software more robust.
definition 143
Sdetails
pc hardware su mth spk b
a PC unit installed on the motherboard and used to generate interrupts at particular intervals.
definition 144
Tdetails
pc software prog
a formal system of rules and syntax in which programs can be written. There is a wide range of programming languages, including both low-level, which are hardware-oriented and highly efficient, and high-level languages, which are much more abstract.
definition 145
a set of software for program development in a particular programming language. It usually includes a source text preparation module, compiler, program debugger, and other tools, which together form what is known as integrated development environment (IDE).
definition 146
Wdetails
pc hardware mon prot
a special accessory placed in front of the screen to protect user's eyes against excessive glare.
definition 147
|Xdetails
pc software pack prof a
professional application software used to produce documents to the standards of the publishing industry. These packages usually include sophisticated page-layout and graphics capabilities.
definition 148
equally fast access to every data block in a data storage device. In contrast to sequential access, the access speed doesn't depend on the data's location in the media.ia.ly quickly regardless of their position on the disk.
definition 149
Zdetails
pc software pack graphics i
a method of images representation as a set of dots grouped in a matrix.
pc software pack spread
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SpreadSheets
History
Inside a Spreadsheet
Sheet Editing
Multi-dimensional Sheets
Data Management
Formula Programming
manage a spreadsheet package
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:PHYSSIZE
F2-help F2-help
,fontFase
Courier New
A B C D E
1 row 1 0.1 a1+b2 1 A
2 row 2 0.2 a3+b2 2 B
3 row 3 0.3 d3*b2 3 C
4 row 4 0.7 a3/b2 2 D
5 row 5 0.9 f1-c2 4 E
6 row 6 0.3 a3/b2 7 F
7 row 7 1.4 a3+b2 -2 G
pointer
Spreadsheets are software programs that support the design and management of tabulated data. Tabulated data is widely used in many fields from accounting to complex scientific research. Tables consist of cells in which numerical data is stored. There can be mutual dependences between separate cells and for the purpose of recalculating the value of a cell there is a formula which describes the interdependence.
Formerly, these functions had to be laboriously performed by a human with pencil, paper, and a calculator. Spreadsheets eliminated the labour of arranging tables, performing repetitive calculations and producing hard copies.
Now, spreadsheet packages are used almost everywhere: a housewife can keep track of the family budget, a manager can calculate the cost and labour of a project etc.
GetGlossary("Spreadsheet",4560,1230,7440,2835)
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GetGlossary("Software",4695,1290,8280,4335)
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GetGlossary("Program",4695,1275,7965,4845)
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HELP on
KEYS USING
Esc- exit from HELPPP
Esc- exit from HELPPLP
spreadsheet scrolling.
F2- exit from HELPLP HELP2- exit from HELPPP
F2- exit from HELP
Shift
Shift
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
GlossaryTerm
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.ed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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buttonUp
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pc software pack spread c
DETAILS
Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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.(detailPage
field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
Cell gloss
Cell gloss
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
Cell gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
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field "definition 403" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
Courier New
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SpreadSheets#
Initially all cells are empty. Data can be entered to a cell, modified, stored and deleted. It is also possible to copy the contents of one cell or a portion of a sheet to another cell or part of the sheet. If the fragment to be copied contains a formula, the corresponding routine will automatically correct the coordinates of the cells involved in the formula. Some spreadsheets support the copying of data from one sheet to another.
When editing your document, you can make invisible any cells, rows or columns, which contain currently irrelevant data.
GetGlossary("Cell",930,3870,4425,4995)
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GetGlossary("Spreadsheet",2940,3165,6900,4320)
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SHEET EDITING
:PHYSSIZE
A B C D
Speed ml/hh
Petrol p/100 gal/ml
Distance mll gal/ml
Petrol total gall
F2-Help F8-Formula/Value Enter-Recalculate value
print1
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b3*c3/100
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HELP on
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Enter - recalculate value
F8- formula/value
F2- exit from HELP
F2- exit from HELP
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(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte./
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.3
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
GlossaryTerm
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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buttonUp
detailPage
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pc software pack spread
DETAILS
Cell gloss
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
Spreadsheet gloss
Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
A spreadsheet is organized as a rectangular grid of rows and columns forming separate cells. Each cell has two coordinates - a number indicates a cell's position in a certain row, and a letter shows its position in a particular column. Thus, every cell can be accessed by its coordinates.
At all times, there is a rectangular fragment of the grid shown on the screen, supplied with coordinate
GetGlossary("Spreadsheet",5415,2025,8610,3375)
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Spreadsheet
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GetGlossary("Cell",5190,2490,8670,3600)
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the coordinate bars. One of the cells is active, which means that it can be inspected or modified. The active cell may have highlighted borders or highlighted coordinates. The grid can be scrolled in vertical and horizontal directions and the active cell can also be changed.
Each cell of a sheet can contain a different type of data: a numerical value, text, or a formula (arithmetic expressions) by which the value of a cell can be calculated. The formula not only describes how to calculate the value, but if a cell "A" is dependent on a cell "B", whenever the value of the cell B is changed A's value will be changed automatically.
GlossaryTerm
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.m, and carry out calculations.=
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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DETAILS
Spreadsheet gloss
Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
Spreadsheet gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 164" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Cell gloss
Cell gloss
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
Cell gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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field "definition 403" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
B"GlossaryDetail"
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GlossaryDetail
SpreadSheets
:PHYSSIZE
MAJOR EDITING TOOLSSSMAJOR EDITING TOOLS
:PHYSSIZE
Spreadsheet packages allow for different data manipulations,including correcting, copying, moving and deleting data, stored in
sheet cells. With these operations, you can copy the contents of one cell or a fragment of a sheet to another cell or part of sheet. If the fragment to be copied contains a formula, the
corresponding routine will automatically correct the coordinates of the cells, where the formula is stored. some spreadsheet packages support copying data from one sheet to another.
When editing your document, you can make invisible those cells, rows or columns, which contain currently irrelevant data.
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SpreadSheets
Most spreadsheet packages can work with several two-dimensional sheets at a time. Besides these, there exist multi-dimensional
sheets: you can associate several sheets so every cell is represented in several sheets or dimensions. So, for example, one sheet (dimension) can contain the geographical locations of a set of areas, another one can contain the corresponding data about population, the next one data about national income. The user can thus see different data about a town or a region by inspecting associated cells of different sheets.
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SHEETS
:PHYSSIZE
Most spreadsheet packages can work with several two-dimensional sheets at a time. Besides these, there also exist multi-dimensional sheets: you can associate several sheets so that every cell is represented in several sheets or dimensions. One sheet (dimension) can contain, for example, the geographical locations of a set of areas, another one can contain the corresponding data about population, the next one - data about national income. Thus the user can see different data about a town or a region by inspecting associated cells of different sheets.
GetGlossary("Spreadsheet",5760,2325,8835,3675)
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GetGlossary("Cell",6030,1710,9510,2760)
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GlossaryTerm
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.m, and carry out calculations.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
Spreadsheet gloss
Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.Q
Spreadsheet gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
field "definition 164" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Cell gloss
Cell gloss
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
Cell gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
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field "definition 403" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
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SpreadSheets
DATA MANAGEMENT
:PHYSSIZE
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When a spreadsheet contains many cells it is not easy to find required information quickly. To support quick and easy navigation modern spreadsheets have a special data management module. This module supports searching, sorting, and global editing operations. In many cases, especially when handling numerical data, spreadsheets are preferable to data base management systems. Spreadsheets have the following advantages:
- visual data representation,
- high performance, since the contents of a sheet is stored in RAM,
- quick repetitive calculations and automatic recalculations,
- integration of many different ways of processing data.
GetGlossary("Data Base Management System",4380,1890,9180,3165)
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Data Base Management System
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("RAM",4800,2325,8895,4365)
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GlossaryTerm
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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DETAILS
Spreadsheet gloss
Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
Spreadsheet gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 164" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Cell gloss
Cell gloss
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
Cell gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 403" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
Data Management gloss
DATA MANAGEMENT
storage, sorting, retrieval and modification of large amounts of data.
Data Base Management Sy gloss
Data Base Management Sy gloss
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
a program which acts as an interface between physical records in a database and logical queries and which provides facilities to add, delete, and retrieve information stored in data files.
Data Base Management Sy gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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field "definition 508" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
RAM gloss
RAM gloss
Random Access Memory - a part of internal memory aimed at holding data and programs which are currently in use by the computer. It keeps the information the CPU can access and process directly. However, this information is lost just after the computer has been switched off.
RAM gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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details
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field "definition 536" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
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SpreadSheetsY
FORMULA PROGRAMMING
:PHYSSIZE
To adjust a spreadsheet to particular needs and requirements, special programming languages are used. Instead of simple arithmetical expressions these languages handle complex dependences between cells. When using a special programming language, a cell formula becomes a small program with loops and branches. Sheet cells are used as variables and can be assigned values or inspected. Usually modern spreadsheets provide interactive tools for writing such programs.
a memory location which has a name. The value of a variable can be set and changed by a program.rogram execution depending on the result of checking some particular condition.oriented and highly efficient, and high-level languages, which are much more abstract.
Spreadsheet gloss
Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
Spreadsheet gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 164" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Programming Language gloss
Programming Language gloss
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
a formal system of rules and syntax in which programs can be written. There is a wide range of programming languages, including both low-level, which are hardware-oriented and highly efficient, and high-level languages, which are much more abstract.
Programming Language gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
field "definition 144" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Cell gloss
Cell gloss
(1) a data field in a spreadsheet, (2) a minimum addressable element of internal memory, a byte.
Cell gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 403" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
Loop gloss
Loop gloss
a program control structure which is used to repeat the execution of a group of instructions.
Loop gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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detailPage
field "definition 506" of page "pc glossary K"
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Branch gloss
Branch gloss
BRANCH
a program control structure which is used to change the standard (command by command) mode of program execution depending on the result of checking some particular condition.
Branch gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 507" of page "pc glossary K"
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Variable gloss
VARIABLE
a memory location which has a name. The value of a variable can be set and changed by a program.
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$ :PHYSSIZE
Communication Packages
TTY - Dumb Terminal Modem Protocols Setting Up
Restrictions of TTY-Programs Modern Communication Software Teleconferencing
Direct Data Transmission Electronic Mail BBS
Data Communications Protocols Addressing in Electronic Mail
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Software
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TTY - Dumb Terminal Teleconferencing
Modern Communication Software BBS
Electronic Mail
Addressing in Electronic Mail
l
In Electronic Mail
lectronic Mail
Electronic Mail
cation Software
Software
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TTY - Dumb Terminal Modern Communication Software Teleconferencing
Restrictions of TTY-Programs Electronic Mail BBS
Direct Data Transmission Addressing in Electronic Mail
Data Communications Protocols Setting Up
cation Software
Software
tion Software
"pc software pack comm a"
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Communication packages are used to support intercomputer information exchange via modems along telephone channels. These packages support transmission of files and brief messages between two computers. Using communication software it is also possible to get access to a remote computer, use its computational resources, work with its software and retrieve data from it.
For operation communication software needs to be used with a modem attached to the computer.
a CPU time, one of the most important computer resources. The operating system schedules the CPU time between different processes in accordance with a specific strategy.sented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Communication Package gloss
COMMUNICATION PACKAGE
software which is used to carry out inter-computer communication with the help of a communication device (usually a modem).;2
Modem gloss
Modem gloss
MODEM
-MOdulator-DEModulator - a device used for communication between computers via ordinary telephone lines. It is connected to the serial port. When sending data it transforms the computer's digital signals into analog signals (modulation) which can be transmitted along telephone lines; when receiving data it works the other way round (demodulation).+4
Modem gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 113" of page "pc glossary C"
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File gloss
File gloss
a logical unit in data storage. It has its own name and is stored by the operating system as a distinct entity.
File gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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8detailPage
field "definition 80" of page "pc glossary B"
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Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
objectFromPoint(
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details
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;detailPage
field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
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Computational Resources gloss
COMPUTATIONAL RESOURCES
a CPU time, one of the most important computer resources. The operating system schedules the CPU time between different processes in accordance with a specific strategy.s
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB
DBMSs work with data represented as a set of records. It is possible to keep records for every employee of a company with attributes such as salary, positions, age etc. Each record has its unique identifier and relevant values for each field (attribute). These records relating to personnel can be automatically sorted and retrieved.
Within a moment you can have all relevant information about a certain person on your screen. Records are stored in files on the disk and are referred to as a data base.
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History Data Types Data Security & Import/Export
Logical Structure Database Query Languages Leading Windows DBs
Different Needs Database Customization
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History
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One of the most important applications of computers is managing large amounts of data. Computers can easily automate data storage, sorting, retrieval and modification when they are equipped with the proper software - such as a data base management system (DBMS).
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GlossaryTerm
a program which acts as an interface between physical records in a database and logical queries and which provides facilities to add, delete, and retrieve information stored in data files.sented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
File gloss
File gloss
a logical unit in data storage. It has its own name and is stored by the operating system as a distinct entity.
File gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 80" of page "pc glossary B"
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Disk gloss
Disk gloss
the fastest and most widely spread long-term storage media. There are hard disks, as well as optical and floppy disks.
Disk gloss
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field "definition 57" of page "pc glossary B"
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Application gloss
Application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
Application gloss
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field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
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field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
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DBMS gloss
a program which acts as an interface between physical records in a database and logical queries and which provides facilities to add, delete, and retrieve information stored in data files.
pc software pack databases a
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Data Bases
HISTORYYYYYYYYYYYY
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In 1896 Herman Hollerith set up a company for the manufacturing and marketing of machines for processing the results of the 1880 US census. At that time the principle information medium was the punched card. Hollerith's machines could process and sort the census records perforated on these cards very efficiently thus performing the main function of automated data management and retrieval. In 1911 Hollerith sold his company which became the basis for the Computing-Tabulating Recording Co., which later on was named IBM.
Eventually when true computers were invented a special branch of computer science - data management - evolved. Researchers in the field concentrated on studying the most efficient ways of representing, storing and retrieving large quantities of individual facts about different entities. Three main types of data base organization were discovered: hierarchical, networking and relational. The relational model has proved to be most useful and it is implemented in many modern data bases.
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GlossaryTerm
NETWORK
a series of points (computers and peripherals) connected by communication channels.
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Data Management gloss
DATA MANAGEMENT
storage, sorting, retrieval and modification of large amounts of data.
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Data Management gloss
NETWORK
a series of points (computers and peripherals) connected by communication channels.
DETAILS
Network gloss
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Network gloss
pc software sys os win a
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##Working with files##
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Printers
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MATRIX
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8 Ink-Jet Printer
Data in the computer is presented in the electronic form. To transfer this data into the printed form traditionally acceptable to humans devices called printers are used.
Printers can print text and graphics, black-and-white or colored, with letter quality and not. Different kinds of printers provide different possibilities. The simplest type is the matrix printer and high resolution quality can be achieved by using modern laser printers.
nters.
ters.
achieved by using modern laser printers.
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GetGlossary("Matrix Printer",3105,1875,8550,3945)
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GlossaryTerm
LASER PRINTER
the most advanced type of printers which uses a laser beam for image generation.hese printers are rather slow, noisy and the printing quality is far from the publishing standards. However they are cheap, reliable and easy in operation. The image is made of dots based on a special character image pattern - matrix. Dots are plotted on the paper by the printing head pins.
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Printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.5
Matrix Printer gloss
Matrix Printer gloss
MATRIX PRINTER
the oldest and simplest device for producing hardcopies of text and graphics. These printers are rather slow, noisy and the printing quality is far from the publishing standards. However they are cheap, reliable and easy in operation. The image is made of dots based on a special character image pattern - matrix. Dots are plotted on the paper by the printing head pins.W
Matrix Printer gloss
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field "definition 209" of page "pc glossary E"
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Laser Printer gloss
Laser Printer gloss
LASER PRINTER
the most advanced type of printers which uses a laser beam for image generation.
Laser Printer gloss
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Laser Printer
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Printer Connection The Print Drum
Printer Maintenance The Cleaning Engine
Cartridge Replacement Printing Control
Image Generation Printer Languages
Image Printing
ting
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Printer Connection
Printer Maintenance
Cartridge Replacementridge replacementtridge replacement The Cleaning Engine
Image Generation Printing Control
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Printer Connection Image Printing
Printer Maintenance The Print Drum
Cartridge Replacement The Cleaning Engine
Image Generation Printing Control
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Laser printers first appeared on the market in 1984-85. Quality of printing they provided was very close to the professional standards and the printing speed was much higher than that of matrix and ink-jet printers.
However, users had to wait almost for two more years for the software that could take a full advantage of the new hardware. Now there are hundreds of software packages designed to support a variety of the laser printer modes and operations.
The laser printing technology is based on advances in mechanics, optics, laser technology, image processing and microprocessors. The main components of the laser printer are the print drum, the toner supply and the cleaning engine.
leaning engine.
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GlossaryTerm
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.ter system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
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pc hardware su mth cpu
DETAILS
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
objectFromPoint(
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H'detailPage
field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Hardware gloss
Hardware gloss
HARDWARE
a set of mechanical components and electronic equipment which constitute the computer and peripherals.
Hardware gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 91" of page "pc glossary B"
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Microprocessor gloss
Microprocessor gloss
MICROPROCESSOR
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
Microprocessor gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
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Data Bases
LOGICAL STRUCTURE
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Most modern data bases on PCs are based on the relational data model: they are represented as an aggregation of linked tables with records. However, most of them don't support the full range of relational operations with the tables.
Simple data bases can be stored in one table. This is called a flatfile data base. This
GetGlossary("database",4455,3825,9120,5430)
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This approach is very effective, for example, for storing an address list, however, it doesn't work in more complex cases. Complex data need to be stored in separate tables with separate logical structure in order to avoid information duplication. However, in this case there must be special utilities that check the tables' integrity and consistency.
For example, a company DB can include the following tables: the employee and the department tables. The employee table is included into the department one. Once this logical structure is established it is possible to store actual facts. A special utility must check that all employees listed in a department record have the corresponding department attribute.
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GlossaryTerm
UTILITY
a program which performs system housekeeping functions.rieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives. ives.
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database gloss
database gloss
DATABASE
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives.
database gloss
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DB gloss
DB gloss
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives.
DB gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 50" of page "pc glossary B"
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Utility gloss
Utility gloss
UTILITY
a program which performs system housekeeping functions.)
Utility gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 183" of page "pc glossary D"
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user requests
pc glossary index
pc hardware man joy
pc hardware mon crt e
pc hardware mon prot a
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pc hardware su mth int b
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Network gloss
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field "definition 329" of page "pc glossary G"
Network gloss
DETAILS
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Data Bases)
:PHYSSIZE
DB Server
DB Server
DIFFERENT NEEDS
:PHYSSIZE
Different users need data bases of different computational power, various facilities and thus different price. For keeping personal information you don't need a powerful, fast, networking data base. However, the user interface is of primary importance. So the data base must be cheap, easy to use software that can run on the computer the user already has. In the ideal case it should run under MS Windows and have a pleasant GUI.
Data bases with large amounts of information which is to be accessed by many users are usually kept on a dedicated computer with a fast CPU and a large hard disk. The users are networked to this computer for access to the data base. Such data bases are installed by professionals and a specialist - the data base manager - is hired to keep it running. The logical structure of such a data base is usually created by data base analysts and the data base is customized by professionals.
GetGlossary("Network",5100,2265,8250,3435)
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Network
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("User Interface",4185,2490,7050,4635)
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User Interface
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Software",4875,2715,9330,5250)
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Software
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("MS Windows",5820,2970,9375,5115)
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MS Windows
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("GUI",3840,3195,7035,5310)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("CPU",5595,2340,9195,3960)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Hard Disk",3915,2295,7980,3945)
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Hard Disk
GetGlossary
GlossaryTerm
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.pendence for the PC family of computers.es and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
pc hardware su ds ds hrd
DETAILS
Network gloss
NETWORK
a series of points (computers and peripherals) connected by communication channels.
MS Windows gloss
DETAILS
Software gloss
detailPage
Software gloss
DETAILS
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
Software gloss
User Interface gloss
USER INTERFACE
a system of agreements and rules for interaction between a program and a user. It supports input of user commands and provides output of the results in a form acceptable by the user.
User Interface gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 181" of page "pc glossary D"
User Interface gloss
MS Windows gloss
CPU gloss
DETAILS
DETAILS
GUI gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
GUI gloss
MS WINDOWS
the Microsoft graphical operating environment for PCs which sits on top of MS-DOS. Windows provides a graphics-oriented user interface, a multitasking capability, and hardware independence for the PC family of computers.
MS Windows gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
"detailPage
field "definition 460" of page "pc glossary J"
DETAILS
CPU gloss
"detailPage
field "definition 44" of page "pc glossary A"
CPU gloss
"T+N#
Graphic User Interface - an advanced type of the user interface which is based on windows, icons and mouse support. For example, this interface was implemented in MS Windows.
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
*%detailPage
field "definition 268" of page "pc glossary F"
GUI gloss
Hard Disk gloss
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
HARD DISK
a non-movable magnetic disk, enclosed in a hard protective case. It has high capacity and fast performance. Usually hard disks are installed in a fixed position inside the computer.
Hard Disk gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
+detailPage
field "definition 89" of page "pc glossary B"
Hard Disk gloss
pc software pack word d
pc software pack databases b
pc software sys serv comp e
pc hardware prn las
pc hardware su
pc hardware su mth cpu rap
pc hardware mon acc a
pc hardware prn las h
pc hardware su mth bus a
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 a
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pc hardware su ds ds abt e
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pc software sys os msdos comm b
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pc software sys os bas s f d a
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Data Bases
The fundamental characteristic of a DB is the kind of data it can store. Each field of a record is associated with a data type. This means that only data of a certain type can be stored in it and only certain operations can be applied to a field. There are the following data types: character, numeric, enumerated, boolean, date, time, memo, binary object, picture, linked object .
GetGlossary("DB",6135,2355,9015,4920)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Data Type",5760,2565,8610,4890)
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Data Type
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Boolean",4860,2580,8265,3765)
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Boolean
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Binary",5910,2085,9150,3960)
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Binary
GetGlossary
DATA TYPES
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
Linked Object
LINKED OBJECT
This field can have a link to an external object. In DBMS for Windows this object is created by OLE.ple in the field "PHOTO" is stored the name of the file with the picture and when activated this picture is automatically loaded and shown.
ge..e.
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B"GlossaryDetail"
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GlossaryDetail
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Character
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GlossaryDetail
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Numeric
objectFromPoint(
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GlossaryDetail
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Enumerated
objectFromPoint(
) <>
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B"GlossaryDetail"
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buttonUp
GlossaryDetail
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Boolean
objectFromPoint(
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B"GlossaryDetail"
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GlossaryDetail
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objectFromPoint(
) <>
* <>
B"GlossaryDetail"
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buttonUp
GlossaryDetail
buttonStillDown
objectFromPoint(
) <>
* <>
B"GlossaryDetail"
buttonUp
buttonStillDown
buttonUp
GlossaryDetail
buttonStillDown
objectFromPoint(
) <>
* <>
B"GlossaryDetail"
buttonUp
buttonStillDown
buttonUp
GlossaryDetail
buttonStillDown
Binary object
objectFromPoint(
) <>
* <>
B"GlossaryDetail"
buttonUp
buttonStillDown
buttonUp
GlossaryDetail
buttonStillDown
Picture
objectFromPoint(
) <>
* <>
B"GlossaryDetail"
buttonUp
buttonStillDown
buttonUp
GlossaryDetail
buttonStillDown
Linked Object
Character
CHARACTER
Character field can contain text information i.e. a string. It is the most common data type for data bases. For example, the name of an employee is a string.
a string.
Numeric
NUMERIC
This field can contain values which can be used in arithmetic calculations. For example, an employee's salary has a value which is stored in the field SALARY. This lets the computer compare the salaries of two employees or calculate the difference if required..red.ed.ence if required.d.....
Enumerated
ENUMERATED
This data type allows the use of strings in arithmetic calculations. Every string is associated with some numerical value. For example, each position in a company can have its importance rating. So in the field "position" we can store a position name, and these positions can be compared with each other..her..er.r...er.
Boolean
BOOLEAN
this field can store either YES or NO. No other data can be stored in it. In our example the field SMOKER can contain either YES or NO... is a string.
a string.
This field keeps a date in a particular format, so the program can compare dates stored in different records. For example, the DATE_OF_BIRTH field of the employee table can be used in retrieving lists of employees who are older than a certain age.n a certain age..e.
This field stores a time value in a particular format, so it is possible for a program to compare times stored in different records.
le, the DATE_OF_BIRTH field of the employee table can be used in retrieving lists of employees who are older than a certain age..e.
In this field it is possible to keep several lines of text.
is possible for a program to compare times stored in different records.
le, the DATE_OF_BIRTH field of the employee table can be used in retrieving lists of employees who are older than a certain age..e.
Binary object
BINARY OBJECT
This can be a sound file or any other digitized information. There is no structure for such an object and only an interpreting program knows what to do with it.
mployee table can be used in retrieving lists of employees who are older than a certain age..e.
Picture
PICTURE
In this field a picture in one of the graphics formats (BMP, PCX, GIF etc.) can be stored. In our example in the field "PHOTO" comes the name of the file with the picture and when activated this picture is automatically loaded and shown.
a certain age..e.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
0detailPage
pc software pack databases
DETAILS
GlossaryTerm
BINARY
the base 2 numbering system using only the symbols 0 and 1. Since 0 and 1 can be represented as on and off or negative and positive, computers do their calculations in binary.tiplied etc.onal, non-computerized archives.
DB gloss
DB gloss
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives.
DB gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
5detailPage
field "definition 50" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Data Type gloss
DATA TYPE
a property of data which determines the method of storing it in memory and the possible operations which can be applied to it. For example, numerical data can be added, multiplied etc.
Boolean gloss
BOOLEAN
a data type which can be assigned to either TRUE (logical 1) or FALSE (logical 0).
Binary gloss
BINARY
the base 2 numbering system using only the symbols 0 and 1. Since 0 and 1 can be represented as on and off or negative and positive, computers do their calculations in binary.
pc software sys os msdos stru
pc index index
pc software pack comm d
pc hardware su mth tmr
pc hardware mon lcd a
pc hardware other plot c
pc hardware keyb g
pc hardware su pow b
pc hardware keyb i
pc hardware su ds ds flp d
pc hardware su ds str
pc basics hist a
pc software sys serv vir vir d
pc software sys os multi os/2
pc software sys os multi unix a
pc software sys os msdos stru h
pc software sys os msdos ms6
pc software pack databases f
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DETAILS
Programming Language gloss
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Data Bases
DATABASE CUSTOMIZATION
:PHYSSIZE
Very often a data base needs to be customized to a particular user or company. This means that some features of the original package have to be changed or even disabled. For example, it is worthwhile in some cases to disable deleting the whole table or to provide a simple way to make a complex query.
The simplest way to customize a package is to write macro commands. Macro commands can bind a sequence of commands to a single keystroke.
However, to cope with a more complex task a data base must be able to integrate additional programs. It has to provide the user with a programming language and support the debugging process.
a process of searching for and fixing bugs in a program.programs can be written. There is a wide range of programming languages, including both low-level, which are hardware-oriented and highly efficient, and high-level languages, which are much more abstract.
Debugging gloss
Macro Command gloss
MACRO COMMAND
a command which results in the execution of a sequence of commands.
Programming Language gloss
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
a formal system of rules and syntax in which programs can be written. There is a wide range of programming languages, including both low-level, which are hardware-oriented and highly efficient, and high-level languages, which are much more abstract.
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 144" of page "pc glossary C"
Programming Language gloss
DEBUGGING
a process of searching for and fixing bugs in a program.
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Data Bases
DATABASE QUERY LANGUAGES
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
One of the most popular query languages is SQL (Structure Query Language). SQL provides a small set of commands which enable the user to build complex queries. These queries must work in the same way on any SQL-compatible data base. However, the SQL command set is rather limited and many data bases include additional commands that are not compatible with the rest of data bases.
GetGlossary("SQL",4080,3150,7395,4785)
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GetGlossary
Usually simple queries to a DB can be carried out via interactive dialog boxes or menus. However, quering a complex database with multiple tables is not always easy. Information can be distributed among different tables. For example, to find out who is the manager of a certain employee, first of all we need to find a record about the employee and the department he/she works in, then to find a record about the department and only after that we can retrieve the name of the manager. To perform such a query special query languages are used.
GetGlossary("DB",5535,1950,8850,4005)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Dialog Box",6180,1815,9165,3180)
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Dialog Box
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Menu",5550,2025,8100,3195)
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GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Database",5475,2565,9465,4380)
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Database
GetGlossary
GlossaryTerm
DATABASE
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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pc software pack databases
DETAILS
SQL gloss
Structure Query Language - one of the most popular query languages for Databases. It is supported by the majority of DBMSs in personal computers.G
DB gloss
DB gloss
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives.
DB gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 50" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Dialog Box gloss
Dialog Box gloss
DIALOG BOX
a window containing buttons and other controls used primarily for receiving input from the user.a
Dialog Box gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 518" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
Menu gloss
Menu gloss
a set of choices and pull-down submenus presented to the user.
Menu gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 522" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
Database gloss
Database gloss
DATABASE
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives.
Database gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 50" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
details
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Data Bases!
:PHYSSIZE
DATA SECURITY & IMPORT/EXPORT
:PHYSSIZE
Multi-user Data Base Management Systems must provide data security. Normally data is protected by passwords and user access profiles. Various database users are granted different access privileges which can prevent from updating data or even from reading a record. For top-secret data special data encrypting techniques are used.
The important feature of a DBMS is its ability to read files created in other data bases. Sometimes you have to add data to your data base which was created by someone else using different software. How many different data formats can be imported into your data base determines how easily you can integrate your efforts with others.
GetGlossary("Data Base Management System",4680,2475,8625,4035)
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Data Base Management System
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Database",4275,3135,8220,5025)
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Database
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Software",3465,2025,7980,4545)
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Software
GetGlossary
GlossaryTerm
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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detailPage
detailPage
detailPage
pc software
DETAILS
Data Base Management Sy gloss
Data Base Management Sy gloss
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
a program which acts as an interface between physical records in a database and logical queries and which provides facilities to add, delete, and retrieve information stored in data files.
Data Base Management Sy gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 508" of page "pc glossary K"
DETAILS
Database gloss
Database gloss
DATABASE
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives.
Database gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 50" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
detailPage
field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
pc software pack databases h
B"GlossaryDetail"
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Data Bases
LEADING WINDOWS DBS
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
"index_up"
objectFromPoint(
}) <> 0
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mouseEnter
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120,50,100
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mouseEnter
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120,50,100
mouseLeave
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index
0,0,0
pc hardware
pc software sys os multi unix c
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pc software prog a
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pc hardware keyb k
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pc hardware man other tbl
pc basics maint b
pc hardware su port par b
pc hardware su ds ds flp dr b
pc basics hist c
pc software sys serv util h
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Part Iry - Part It I
:PHYSSIZE
related 1
RapidCad
OverDrive
Coprocessor
Video Accelerator
Graphics Coprocessor
essor
Cacheing)
related 2
Disk Storage
Disk Controller
Disk Access
Track-to-track Seek Timek Time
related 3
Program Structuring
Program
Procedural Languages
related 4
Analog Signal
Digital Signal (may be 'modem')
related 5
Bit-mapon
Bit-map
related 6
Text Editor
Application Package
Database System
Graphics Editor
Spreadsheet
Music Editorce
Music Editor
Music Editor
related 7
Memory
Programming Language
Program
Variable
related 8
IBM PC Platform
ASCII Transmission
American National Standards Institute
Binary
Text Modeitute
Binary
Text Mode
related 9
Programming Language
Program
Programming System
related 10
Operating System Booting
CONFIG.SYS
Batch File
Batch Mode
Command Processor
System Environment
related 11
Disk Sector
Utility
Track
related 12
Programming Language
Program
Programming System
High-level Programming Languages
related 13
Batch File
AUTOEXEC.BAT
Command Processor
DOSocessor
related 14
Batch File
AUTOEXEC.BAT
Command Processor
related 15
Data Transmission Rate
related 16
Firmware
Operating System
Operating System Bootingoting
related 17
Memory
related 18
Operating System
ROM BIOS
Disk System Area
Disk Sector
Boot Record
related 19
MCA Standard
CPU Bus
EISA Standard
ISA Standard
Motherboard
Local Bus
RAMrd
Local BUS
related 20
MotherboardU Bus
CPU Internal Bus
EISA Standard
ISA Standard
Motherboard
Local BUS
related 21
MCA Standard
CPU Bus
EISA Standard
ISA Standard
Controllerandard
Controller
related 22
Data Transfer Protocol
Bimodem Protocol
Bus Protocol
Modem
related 23
MCA Standard
CPU Bus
EISA Standard
ISA Standard
Protocol
Bus Capacity
Bus Controller
Local Bus
related 24
Microprocessor
Memory
Math Coprocessor
IP Register
Register
Cache
Motherboard
Coprocessor!
related 25
Memory
related 26
Programming Language
Program
Programming System
Program Structuring
Procedural LanguagesProcedural Languages
High-level Programming Languages
related 27
Bus Capacity
Disk Storage
Magnetic Media
related 28
Analog Signal
Digital Signal
Modem
Communication Device
related 29
CRT Monitor
Display
ode Ray Monitor
Display
Luminophore
related 30
BiCMOS
DRAM Chip
SRAM Chips
related 31
Programmed Timer
8284 Clock Generator
Microchipr
Microchip
related 32
Disk Access
Disk Sector
Disk System Area
Operating System
related 33
Operating System
ROM BIOS
BIOS Data Area
Chipta Area
ChipIOS Data Area
Chip Startup Routine
related 34
Operating System
EXE-File
File Extension
File Format
Programe
Program
related 35
Serial Data Transmission
Serial Input/Output Port
Communication Port
Data Transmission Rate
Serial Port Controllerrt ControllerC
related 36
Serial Data Transmission
Serial Input/Output Port
Communication Port
Data Transmission Rate
Serial Port Controllerrt Controller!
related 37
Batch Mode
Batch File
related 38
Communication Port
Communication Program
Data Transmission Rate
Transmission Rate=
related 39
Application Package
Modem
Application
Communication Port
related 40
File System
Archivator
Compressor
Archivatorrogram
Archivator cedural Languages
Interpreter
related 41
Utility
Application
pplication
Compression Program
related 42
Operating System Booting
System Environment
MS-DOS
related 43
Microprocessor
Bus Controller
CRT Controller
Disk Drive Controller
Serial Port Controller
Parallel Port Controller}!
related 44
i80x86 Familypssor
CPUcroprocessor
Memory
Math Coprocessor
IP Register
Register
Cache
Motherboard
Coprocessor
related 45
Compressor
Communication Device
Data Transfer Protocoll
related 46
Monitor
Cathode Ray Tube
CRT Controller
related 47
Mouse Cursor
User Interface
related 48
Cylinder
Disk Logical Structure
Disk Physical Parameters
Int 13h
Hard Disk
Disk sector
Disk track
Disk Physical Parameters
related 49
Protocol
Modem
Transmission Rate
definition 1
a chip used to speed up certain computer processes. Accelerators usually are used for speeding up the CPU and the video system.
definition 2
a storage performance parameter, which shows the time used for data searching, reading and transmission from the storage device to the memory. the memory.M'
definition 3
r'details
pc software prog d
a prescribed sequence of steps for the solution of a problem in a finite number of steps. The algorithm is the basic concept of computing.f computing.
definition 4
(details
pc hardware mon adap c
a device which converts continuous analog signals into discrete digital ones. Used, for example, in scanners.
definition 5
)details
pc software pack prof b
a graphic object which can move on the screen and change its shape and color. These objects are widely used in computer games.g*
definition 6
*details
pc software pack
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications. and professional packages.
definition 7
a data structure used in programming. It consists of a sequence of elements which belong to the same type. These elements can be accessed in the direct way, by their indices.
definition 8
,details
pc basics abc e
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) a table of one-byte codes for characters and symbols. This standard is the main standard in PC computers.
definition 9
-details
pc software prog b
a low-level programming language. It is very close to the instructions of the CPU. Each CPU type has its own Assembler.own assembler.
definition 10
.details
pc software sys os msdos stru i
the MS-DOS start-up file. It is executed by default immediately after the MS-DOS booting and is used for loading user-tailored configurations.
definition 11
0details
pc software sys os bas s o d
a sector on a disk which cannot be used because of damage. Such sectors are found and marked during the disk formatting or by special disk utilities.s.
definition 12
41details
pc software prog d
(Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) a high-level procedural programming language. It is mainly used for teaching beginners.ners.
definition 13
D2details
pc software sys os msdos stru g
a file which contains a sequence of commands to the operating system. It must have the .BAT extension.
definition 14
83details
pc software sys os msdos stru g
a mode of the operating system operation when it accepts and executes commands from a batch file.ard but rather from a batch file.#4
definition 15
a measure of a data transfer rate. Denotes number of bits transferred per second. It is used, for example, to measure productivity of modems.. 5
definition 16
.5details
pc software firm
Basic Input/Output System - ROM-based firmware which mainly is responsible for physical access to PC units and devices..
definition 17
&6details
pc basics abc d
the elementary information unit in computing. Can be either 0 (low) or 1(high).
definition 18
6details
pc software sys os bas s o f
a sector on every DOS-disk, part of the Disk System Area. It contains the bootstrap program and important physical and logical characteristics of the disk. Instead of the bootstrap program there can be a warning message that the disk is not bootable. The Boot Sector has a fixed position on every logical disk.
definition 19
8details
pc hardware su mth bus
a system of channels which is used to pass data, control and address information between different devices. The system bus is the main communication means of the PC. f the PC. The CPU also has its own internal bus.
definition 20
:details
pc hardware su mth bus
the system of channels used for information exchange between the CPU, RAM and other devices. It consists of wires for transmitting commands, data and control signals. Interaction and data exchange via the bus is carried out according to a fixed set of rules, known as the bus protocol and implemented by the Bus Controller.
definition 21
;details
pc hardware su mth bus g
a chip which controls the data exchange via the bus of the PC. It is installed on the motherboard and operates in accordance with the bus protocol.tocol.
definition 22
=detailPage
pc hardware other modem o
<=details
##Modem Protocol##
a fixed set of rules which determines exact order of interaction and data exchange between two parties. It is usually implemented in a controller.+>
definition 23
P>details
pc hardware su mth bus
a fixed set of rules which determines exact order of interaction and data exchange via the bus. It is implemented by the Bus Controller.9?
definition 24
^?details
pc hardware su mth cpu d
data and address channels between internal units of the CPU. The capacity of the address channel determines how much memory can be used by the CPU. The data channel determines productivity.
definition 25
@details
pc basics abc d
the elementary addressable unit of information in computing. One byte consists of 8 bits. In the ASCII coding one byte represents a character or a letter of the alphabet.
definition 26
Adetails
pc software prog c
one of the most widely used programming languages. It combines features of both high-level and low-level programming languages and therefore can be used for both system and application programming. Major parts of modern operating systems are written in C.al applications are written in C.IC
definition 27
the amount of information which can be stored on a storage medium, such as a disk, or can be transmitted as a single unit via a channel, for example bus. Storage capacity is usually measured in Kb and bus capacity in bits.its.
definition 28
Ddetails
pc hardware other modem k
an analog signal which "carries" digital information between communicating devices. This signal has constant parameters (frequency, amplitude and phase) and is modulated/demodulated by a sending/receiving modem.
definition 29
.Fdetails
pc hardware mon crt c
a non-thermal radiation of light used in CRT monitors for image generation.
definition 30
set of transistors enclosed in a solid plastic or ceramic case and aimed at executing a pre-defined set of functions. Microchips can accommodate millions of transistors while remaining of the size of a match-box.
definition 31
6Hdetails
pc hardware su mth clck
a PC unit which generates pulses of fixed frequency. These pulses are used to synchronize computer's subsystems. It is located on the motherboard.)I
definition 32
NIdetails
pc hardware su ds ds abt e
a set of logically sequential sectors on a disk. The number of sectors in a cluster is defined during disk formatting.ystem./J
definition 33
(Complementary Metallic Oxide Conductor) - a technology of IC manufacturing. CMOS chips run on very little power. They are used as non-volatile memory, fed from the internal PC accumulator or batteries. PC CMOS memory keeps the current date and time along with description of the system configuration used by the start-up and booting routines.
definition 34
Ldetails
pc software sys os bas s f f b
a special-format file, containing a program code which is ready for execution. The operating system recognizes such a file by its .COM extension.
definition 35
:Mdetails
pc hardware su port ser e
name of the first serial port of the PC.
definition 36
Mdetails
pc hardware su port ser e
name of the second serial port of the PC.
definition 37
Ndetails
pc software sys os bas inter
a module of the operating system which supports interaction between the user and the system. Commands, typed by the user from the keyboard are received by the command processor and passed to execution.
definition 38
Odetails
pc hardware other modem
a device which performs inter-computer data exchange. Usually it is a modem.ication ports of the PC. Usually it is a modem.
definition 39
Pdetails
pc software pack comm
software which is used to carry out inter-computer communication with the help of a communication device (usually a modem).
definition 40
a special program which generates executable code from the source text of a program written in a certain programming language. Unlike interpreters, compilers produce fast and optimum program code.
definition 41
Sdetails
pc software sys serv comp
a system utility which compresses files into a smaller storage space by applying special data encoding techniques.
definition 42
Tdetails
pc software sys os msdos stru h
the MS-DOS configuration file. It contains directives which are executed during the MS-DOS booting. These directives determine some specific system options.
definition 43
a chip, which implements a data exchange protocol between a peripheral device and other computer units and devices via a bus. It is usually located on a separate expansion board.
definition 44
ZVdetails
pc hardware su mth cpu
(Central Processing Unit) - the computer's main chip, which performs actual data processing, and controls operation of the entire computer system.MW
definition 45
(cyclic redundancy check) - a method for data integrity verification.
definition 46
Xdetails
pc hardware mon crt
a computer monitor with a Cathode Ray Tube. A CRT monitor is usually a separate unit, resembling a compact TV set. nd is used with desk-top computers.
definition 47
an object on the screen which indicates the current active position.
definition 48
Ydetails
pc hardware su ds ds hrd hdd
a set of all tracks of the same number on the hard disk surfaces.
definition 49
a set of rules to be observed by both transmitting and receiving parties when exchanging information. Often is implemented by a special controller.r.
pc software pack prof d
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pc software pack prof b
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pc software pack prof a
Professional Application
:PHYSSIZE
CAD PACKAGESsS
:PHYSSIZE
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software is rapidly becoming one of the five top PC applications after word processors, spreadsheets, databases and desktop publishing systems. CADs are sometimes regarded as a software tool for the creation of two-dimensional drawings and 3D-models. Actually CAD's abilities go far beyond that. CAD programs are appropriate for all stages of the design and development cycle, from the first simple sketches of a concept, through design, modeling and simulation of mechanical or electrical behavior, to final detailing and the preparation of the drawings for manufacture. CADs integrate traditional applications, such as databases, text editors and spreadsheets with 3D computer graphics and powerful modeling computations.
an application program for preparation and editing text documents. It allows the user to type, store, retrieve and modify text data.ly include sophisticated page-layout and graphics capabilities.on-computerized archives. s, spell checking, formatting etc.ons but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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CAD Package gloss
CAD PACKAGE
Computer-Aided Design - special software which supports all stages of engineering and design. CADs integrate traditional applications, such as databases, text editors and spreadsheets with 3D computer graphics and powerful modeling tools.
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
Software gloss
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field "definition 163" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Application gloss
Application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
Application gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
Word Processor gloss
Word Processor gloss
WORD PROCESSOR
a program especially designed for the typing in of text and document preparation. Word processors provide not only means for typing saving and printing but also many utilities for text processing such as different fonts, spell checking, formatting etc.
Word Processor gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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detailPage
field "definition 401" of page "pc glossary I"
DETAILS
Spreadsheet gloss
Spreadsheet gloss
SPREADSHEET
an application program, which allows the user to organize different data into tabular form, and carry out calculations.
Spreadsheet gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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detailPage
field "definition 164" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
Database gloss
Database gloss
DATABASE
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives.
Database gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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field "definition 50" of page "pc glossary B"
DETAILS
Publishing Systems gloss
Publishing Systems gloss
PUBLISHING SYSTEMS
professional application software used to produce documents to the standards of the publishing industry. These packages usually include sophisticated page-layout and graphics capabilities.
Publishing Systems gloss
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detailPage
details
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field "definition 147" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Text Editor gloss
Text Editor gloss
TEXT EDITOR
an application program for preparation and editing text documents. It allows the user to type, store, retrieve and modify text data.
Text Editor gloss
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pc software prog
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pc software pack prof c
Professional Application
:PHYSSIZE
3D ANIMATORSPACKAGES
3D animation combines realistic vision effects attributed by static 3D graphics and motion pictures technique of two-dimensional animation. 3D animated sequences are used in CAD and computer-aided training.
3D Studio from Autodesk is the most popular 3D animator; it is a professional package for creating three-dimensional, photograph quality animations. The main 3D Studio modules are a modeler to create the 3D skeleton, a renderer, a materials editor for generating surface textures and a keyframer for animating the created objects. A variety of materials can be used to create 3D objects, whose surfaces realistically reflect light from the light source during motion.
GetGlossary("Animation",4455,1965,7380,2835)
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Animation
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After you have created objects, assigned materials, placed the light source, established a visual angle, and rendered your objects, i.e. completely defined the 3D scene, you can start animating it. You can assign movement to objects, light source and camera or rotate, squash and transform objects. With 3D animators you can have an exciting journey in a 3D world created by your imagination.
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GlossaryTerm
ANIMATION
a sequence of videoimages - moving screen objects.
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Animation gloss
Animation gloss
ANIMATION
a sequence of videoimages - moving screen objects.
Animation gloss
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field "definition 208" of page "pc glossary E"
DETAILS
pc hardware
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pc basics maint h
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
All mechanical components and electronic equipment of the computer is referred to as hardware. Main hardware devices are assembled together into a system unit. The standard PC configuration also includes a monitor, a keyboard, a printer and a manipulator. There are also other supplementary devices, which are used to support a variety of possible applications.
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keyboard
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GetGlossary("manipulator",3690,3930,7995,5310)
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display
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printer
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8 System Units
other
"pc hardware other"
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8 LAN Hardware
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"pc hardware mon"
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title
Hardware
GlossaryTerm
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.keyboard, but has additional functional and control keys to facilitate computer operation.
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system unit gloss
system unit gloss
SYSTEM UNIT
the central part of the computer system. It includes the main computer components such as the motherboard, power supply, disk drives etc.s etc.
system unit gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
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@3detailPage
field "definition 170" of page "pc glossary D"
DETAILS
monitor gloss
monitor gloss
MONITOR
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.ation.
monitor gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
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buttonUp
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5detailPage
field "definition 115" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
keyboard gloss
keyboard gloss
KEYBOARD
a device, which provides input of commands and data in real time. The keyboard is a part of the standard PC configuration. It is based on the traditional typewriter keyboard, but has additional functional and control keys to facilitate computer operation.ation.
keyboard gloss
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detailPage
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field "definition 103" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
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printer gloss
printer gloss
PRINTER
an output device for producing hard printed copies of texts and images.mages.
printer gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
;detailPage
field "definition 139" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
manipulator gloss
manipulator gloss
MANIPULATOR
a device which lets the user control the computer without using the keyboard. The most common manipulators are mice and joysticks.ticks.
manipulator gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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field "definition 108" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
application gloss
application gloss
APPLICATION
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.tions.
application gloss
objectFromPoint(
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field "definition 6" of page "pc glossary A"
DETAILS
pc software pack music c
pc hardware su mth cpu 586
pc hardware mon acc e
pc hardware other modem d
pc hardware other modem l
pc hardware prn ink b
pc hardware su mth bus e
pc hardware su mth bus k
pc hardware su mth clck b
pc hardware su mth cpu x86 e
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con b a
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con b
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con b c
pc hardware su ds ds hrd con b b
pc hardware su ds ds flp con b
pc index
pc hardware su ds ds abt g
pc software
pc software pack comm a
pc software
pc software pack graphics f
pc software pack graphics j
pc software sys serv util c
pc hardware su ds ds abt
pc hardware mon adap c
pc hardware other scan f
pc hardware other scan b
pc hardware su mth int c
pc hardware other scan j
pc hardware su ds ds flp a
pc hardware su ds ds hrd a
pc help f
pc help b
pc software sys serv vir avir
pc software sys serv vir vir a
pc software sys os multi
pc software sys serv comp
pc software sys os msdos stru i
pc software sys os msdos stru g
PC SOFTWARE PACK GRAPHICS B
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pc hardware mon crt
Videosystem
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
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8 CRT Monitory
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8 Image Characteristics
screen
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0,100,0
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8 Protective Screen
adapter
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8 Video Adaptor
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8 Accelerators
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0,100,0
When the computer wants to show or tell you something it uses the monitor. The monitor has a screen or display for the information output and some control units for image generation.
There are several types of monitors. They use different physical effects for their operation. CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors are most commonly used in desktop computers. For portable systems liquid-crystal displays (LCD) and gas panel (plasma) monitors have become standard.
Also monitors have different video systems, resolution and color characteristics.
GetGlossary("Monitor",5490,1695,8955,2640)
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Monitor
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GetGlossary("Display",5025,1950,8955,3045)
buttonUp
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Display
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GetGlossary("Cathode Ray Tube",5190,1770,9345,3150)
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Cathode Ray Tube
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GetGlossary("Desk-
Lcomputer",3930,2715,7830,3630)
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Desk-top computer
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GetGlossary("LCD Display",4545,2505,8835,3870)
buttonUp
buttonUp
LCD Display
GetGlossary
GetGlossary("Resolution",4215,3975,8010,5070)
buttonUp
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Resolution
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GlossaryTerm
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images. and are widely used in portable computers.
GlossaryDetail
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
buttonUp
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Monitor gloss
Monitor gloss
MONITOR
an output device, which provides the user with visual information.
Monitor gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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details
-detailPage
field "definition 115" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Display gloss
DISPLAY
a monitor screen, an image on the monitor screen. Often the word "display" is used to refer to the entire monitor.
Cathode Ray Tube gloss
Cathode Ray Tube gloss
CATHODE RAY TUBE
a glass tube with a rectangular screen covered with the luminophore. A CRT is a basic element of CRT monitors and ordinary TV sets.
Cathode Ray Tube gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
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0detailPage
field "definition 260" of page "pc glossary F"
DETAILS
Desk-top computer gloss
DESK-TOP COMPUTER
a computer of non-portable design which is intended to be kept on the desk.
LCD Display gloss
LCD Display gloss
LCD DISPLAY
screens which use the optical properties of liquid crystals. They are small and light, consume little power and are widely used in portable computers.
LCD Display gloss
objectFromPoint(
detailPage
details
buttonUp
buttonUp
detailPage
detailPage
details
4detailPage
field "definition 104" of page "pc glossary C"
DETAILS
Resolution gloss
Resolution gloss
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.
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Keyboard Layout Connecting the Keyboard Signal Formation
Standard Keys Operation Principles Connector Signals
Key Combinations Contact Matrix Scanning Keyboard Signal Processing
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A keyboard is the computer's component the user can type commands and data with. It is based on a traditional typewriter keyboard, with extra control keys.
The standard keyboard of a desk-top PC has 101 keys, which, in its basic form, generates 256 symbols and characters. Portable computers have smaller keyboard, but generally follow the same keyboard layout...out..t.ly follow the same keyboard layout.the same keyboard layout.
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DESK-TOP COMPUTER
a computer of non-portable design which is intended to be kept on the desk.
Desk-top computer gloss
DESK-TOP COMPUTER
a computer of non-portable design which is intended to be kept on the desk.
Most of time you spend siting in front of your PC is working with application packages. Application packages are programs that sit on top of the PC software pyramid and use system-level programs to perform user-oriented tasks. Some applications, such as word processors, databases, speadsheets are intended for wide use, and professional packages bring Information Technology into various high-tech professional fields.
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives. s, spell checking, formatting etc.ons but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user. computer and runs.
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Application Package gloss
APPLICATION PACKAGE
a computer program that performs specific user-oriented tasks. Word processing programs, databases, spreadsheets, and "Learn Your PC" itself are all applications.
Program gloss
PROGRAM
a collection of instructions and data which is kept in an ordinary file on disk. To be executed the file must be loaded into the memory. The operating system loads the program from the file - it allocates the file contents to the memory, adjusts it and provides the CPU with the program's starting address for execution. After that the program takes control over the computer and runs.
Software gloss
Software gloss
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs or instructions to hardware components which perform tasks specified by the user. Software provides a logical view of the computer system - the system is represented not in terms of different devices and their operations and connections but rather in terms of processes (programs) which control the devices while running tasks for the user.
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Task gloss
Task gloss
a program loaded into the memory for execution. Since the same program can be loaded several times the operating system works on each of the loaded instances as a separate process.
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Word Processor gloss
Word Processor gloss
WORD PROCESSOR
a program especially designed for the typing in of text and document preparation. Word processors provide not only means for typing saving and printing but also many utilities for text processing such as different fonts, spell checking, formatting etc.
Word Processor gloss
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Database gloss
Database gloss
DATABASE
an application program designed for storing, sorting and retrieving large amounts of data. Database includes data base management system and data files. Databases are used to replace conventional, non-computerized archives. 15
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Do you treat your computer as a magic box, or a clever machine able to solve all your problems? Are you intimedated by the advanced technology image of your PC? Yes, the computer is rather sophisticated, but actually there is nothing mysterious about it. This section will give you understanding of basic principles and terminology used throughout "Learn Your PC". Just make your first step into the world of computers.
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8 PC MaintenanceYour PC Configuration
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Professional Application
:PHYSSIZE
Desktop Publishing Packages
CAD Packages
Animators
3D Graphics Packages
3D Animators
Practice
Text Formatting Tools Working with blocks
Advanced Features Leading WPs
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Professional packages are aimed at bringing Information Technology into various professional fields such as statistics, engineering, publishing etc. Usually professional packages require quite advanced hardware: 486DX processor, cache memory, 4-8Mb of memory, considerable disk space and high resolution videosystem (SVGA). Special peripheral devices are used with these packages. Scanners, plotters, high-resolution laser printers, domain specific devices etc. can be attached and controlled by the PC.
the most advanced type of printers which uses a laser beam for image generation.lotters are usually used in CAD packages, though some graphics editors can output to a plotter as well.x600. It can be equipped with the videomemory up to 1024 Kb..
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486dx gloss
486dx gloss
486DX
(Intel 80486, i80486, Intel 80486DX, i80486DX) one of the latest models of the Intel family of microprocessors. It has 32-bit data and address buses, 8k of internal cache memory and can operate with the clock rate up to 60 MHz.
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Cache Memory gloss
Cache Memory gloss
CACHE MEMORY
a special type of computer memory. It has very high performance and is used to coordinate the operating speed of the fast CPU (25 MHz and more) and the slow RAM.
Cache Memory gloss
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Resolution gloss
Resolution gloss
RESOLUTION
the number of image dots per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of graphic images.
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SVGA gloss
SVGA gloss
Super Video Graphics Array- an advanced videostandard available for the IBM PC. In comparison with original VGA it supports 256 colors in 640x480 resolution and a high resolution mode of 800x600. It can be equipped with the videomemory up to 1024 Kb.
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Peripheral Device gloss
PERIPHERAL DEVICE
a device which can be attached to the PC. The most often used peripheral devices are printers, modems, scanners etc.
Scanner gloss
Scanner gloss
SCANNER
a peripheral device used for capturing pictures from paper or slides by scanning images dot by dot and sending them into the computer.
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Plotter gloss
Plotter gloss
PLOTTER
a device used for output drawings, diagrams, maps etc. onto paper or a special film. Plotters are usually used in CAD packages, though some graphics editors can output to a plotter as well.
Plotter gloss
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Laser Printer gloss
Laser Printer gloss
LASER PRINTER
the most advanced type of printers which uses a laser beam for image generation.